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Science 9 December 1988:
Vol. 242. no. 4884, pp. 1385 - 1390
DOI: 10.1126/science.242.4884.1385
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Articles

The Further Evolution of Cooperation

Robert Axelrod 1 and Douglas Dion 2

1 Professor of Political Science and public policy at the Institute of Public Policy, Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
2 Department of Political Science, University of Michigan

Axelrod's model of the evolution of cooperation was based on the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. Empirical work following this approach has helped establish the prevalence of cooperation based on reciprocity. Theoretical work has led to a deeper understanding of the role of other factors in the evolution of cooperation: the number of players, the range of possible choices, variation in the payoff structure, noise, the shadow of the future, population dynamics, and population structure.


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Beyond Geography: Cooperation with Persistent Links in the Absence of Clustered Neighborhoods.
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Reciprocity and Shared Knowledge Structures in the Prisoner's Dilemma Game.
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GROUP SIZE AND THE LOGIC OF COLLECTIVE ACTION:: A NETWORK ANALYSIS OF A SWEDISH TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT 1896-1937.
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The evolution of interspecific mutualisms.
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Artificial Intelligence within Sociology.
K. M. CARLEY (1996)
Sociological Methods Research 25, 3-30
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Natural Selection and Social Learning in Prisoner's Dilemma: Coadaptation with Genetic Algorithms and Artificial Neural Networks.
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Sociological Methods Research 25, 103-137
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Modeling Organizational Adaptation as a Simulated Annealing Process.
K. M. CARLEY and D. M. SVOBODA (1996)
Sociological Methods Research 25, 138-168
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How to Cope with Noise in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma.
J. Wu and R. Axelrod (1995)
Journal of Conflict Resolution 39, 183-189
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The Experience and Effects of Conflict in Continuing Work Groups.
K. M. O'Connor, D. H Gruenfeld, and J. E. Mcgrath (1993)
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Reciprocating Influence Strategies in Interstate Crisis Bargaining.
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Twenty-five Years with The Logic of Collective Action.
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Maximizing Expected Utilities in the Prisoner's Dilemma.
L. Marinoff (1992)
Journal of Conflict Resolution 36, 183-216
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When in Doubt...: Cooperation in a Noisy Prisoner's Dilemma.
J. Bendor, R. M. Kramer, and S. Stout (1991)
Journal of Conflict Resolution 35, 691-719
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Reciprocity and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas.
S. S. Komorita, J. A. Hilty, and C. D. Parks (1991)
Journal of Conflict Resolution 35, 494-518
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The Limits of Reciprocity: Solution Concepts and Reactive Strategies in Evolutionary Equilibrium Models.
J. C. M. COLL and J. HIRSHLEIFER (1991)
Rationality and Society 3, 35-64
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