Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 23 December 1988:
Vol. 242. no. 4886, pp. 1654 - 1664
DOI: 10.1126/science.3059497
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Articles

Science, Vol 242, Issue 4886, 1654-1664
Copyright © 1988 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurons: insights into central nervous system function

RR Llinas

Department of Physiology and Biophysics, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016.

This article reviews the electroresponsive properties of single neurons in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). In some of these cells the ionic conductances responsible for their excitability also endow them with autorhythmic electrical oscillatory properties. Chemical or electrical synaptic contacts between these neurons often result in network oscillations. In such networks, autorhythmic neurons may act as true oscillators (as pacemakers) or as resonators (responding preferentially to certain firing frequencies). Oscillations and resonance in the CNS are proposed to have diverse functional roles, such as (i) determining global functional states (for example, sleep-wakefulness or attention), (ii) timing in motor coordination, and (iii) specifying connectivity during development. Also, oscillation, especially in the thalamo-cortical circuits, may be related to certain neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review proposes that the autorhythmic electrical properties of central neurons and their connectivity form the basis for an intrinsic functional coordinate system that provides internal context to sensory input.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Associative Learning on a Continuum in Evolved Dynamical Neural Networks.
E. Izquierdo, I. Harvey, and R. D. Beer (2008)
Adaptive Behavior 16, 361-384
   Abstract »    PDF »
Development of Theta Rhythmicity in Entorhinal Stellate Cells of the Juvenile Rat.
B. G. Burton, M. N. Economo, G. J. Lee, and J. A. White (2008)
J Neurophysiol 100, 3144-3157
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Weighing the evidence for a ternary protein complex mediating A-type K+ currents in neurons.
J. Maffie and B. Rudy (2008)
J. Physiol. 586, 5609-5623
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Synaptic and Cellular Properties of the Feedforward Inhibitory Circuit within the Input Layer of the Cerebellar Cortex.
R. T. Kanichay and R. A. Silver (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 8955-8967
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The h Channel Mediates Location Dependence and Plasticity of Intrinsic Phase Response in Rat Hippocampal Neurons.
R. Narayanan and D. Johnston (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 5846-5860
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Spontaneous Activity Associated with Primary Visual Cortex: A Resting-State fMRI Study.
K. Wang, T. Jiang, C. Yu, L. Tian, J. Li, Y. Liu, Y. Zhou, L. Xu, M. Song, and K. Li (2008)
Cereb Cortex 18, 697-704
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Persistent Na+ and K+-Dominated Leak Currents Contribute to Respiratory Rhythm Generation in the Pre-Botzinger Complex In Vitro.
H. Koizumi and J. C. Smith (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 1773-1785
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cortical-Like Functional Organization of the Pheromone-Processing Circuits in the Medial Amygdala.
X. Bian, Y. Yanagawa, W. R. Chen, and M. Luo (2008)
J Neurophysiol 99, 77-86
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Dynamics of Associative Learning in Evolved Model Circuits.
P. Phattanasri, H. J. Chiel, and R. D. Beer (2007)
Adaptive Behavior 15, 377-396
   Abstract »    PDF »
Intrinsic Excitability of Cholinergic Neurons in the Rat Parabigeminal Nucleus.
C. A. Goddard, E. I. Knudsen, and J. R. Huguenard (2007)
J Neurophysiol 98, 3486-3493
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
{gamma}-Band deficiency and abnormal thalamocortical activity in P/Q-type channel mutant mice.
R. R. Llinas, S. Choi, F. J. Urbano, and H.-S. Shin (2007)
PNAS 104, 17819-17824
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A new familial disease of saccadic oscillations and limb tremor provides clues to mechanisms of common tremor disorders.
A. G. Shaikh, K. Miura, L. M. Optican, S. Ramat, R. J. Leigh, and D. S. Zee (2007)
Brain 130, 3020-3031
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Electrophysiological signatures of resting state networks in the human brain.
D. Mantini, M. G. Perrucci, C. Del Gratta, G. L. Romani, and M. Corbetta (2007)
PNAS 104, 13170-13175
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Endogenous GABA and Glutamate Finely Tune the Bursting of Olfactory Bulb External Tufted Cells.
A. Hayar and M. Ennis (2007)
J Neurophysiol 98, 1052-1056
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A New Mode of Regulation of N-type Inactivation in a Caenorhabditis elegans Voltage-gated Potassium Channel.
S.-Q. Cai and F. Sesti (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 18597-18601
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Local Generation of Theta-Frequency EEG Activity in the Parasubiculum.
S. D. Glasgow and C. A. Chapman (2007)
J Neurophysiol 97, 3868-3879
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Development of Cholinergic Modulation and Graded Persistent Activity in Layer V of Medial Entorhinal Cortex.
A. Reboreda, R. Raouf, A. Alonso, and P. Seguela (2007)
J Neurophysiol 97, 3937-3947
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intrinsic properties and mechanisms of spontaneous firing in mouse cerebellar unipolar brush cells.
M. J. Russo, E. Mugnaini, and M. Martina (2007)
J. Physiol. 581, 709-724
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Different Mechanisms Generate Maintained Activity in ON and OFF Retinal Ganglion Cells.
D. J. Margolis and P. B. Detwiler (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 5994-6005
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cell-Specific Alterations of T-Type Calcium Current in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy Enhance Excitability of Sensory Neurons.
M. M. Jagodic, S. Pathirathna, M. T. Nelson, S. Mancuso, P. M. Joksovic, E. R. Rosenberg, D. A. Bayliss, V. Jevtovic-Todorovic, and S. M. Todorovic (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 3305-3316
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cellular mechanisms of burst firing-mediated long-term depression in rat neocortical pyramidal cells.
A. Czarnecki, B. Birtoli, and D. Ulrich (2007)
J. Physiol. 578, 471-479
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Effects of Endocannabinoids on Glutamatergic and GABAergic Inputs to Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons.
D. A. Fortin and E. S. Levine (2007)
Cereb Cortex 17, 163-174
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Noisy Inputs and the Induction of On-Off Switching Behavior in a Neuronal Pacemaker.
D. Paydarfar, D. B. Forger, and J. R. Clay (2006)
J Neurophysiol 96, 3338-3348
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stimulus Selectivity Is Enhanced by Voltage-Dependent Conductances in Combination-Sensitive Neurons.
B. A. Carlson and M. Kawasaki (2006)
J Neurophysiol 96, 3362-3377
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intrinsic Properties Shape the Firing Pattern of Ventral Horn Interneurons From the Spinal Cord of the Adult Turtle.
M. Smith and J.-F. Perrier (2006)
J Neurophysiol 96, 2670-2677
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Somatomotor and oculomotor inferior olivary neurons have distinct electrophysiological phenotypes.
F. J. Urbano, J. I. Simpson, and R. R. Llinas (2006)
PNAS 103, 16550-16555
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Learning Rules for Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity Depend on Dendritic Synapse Location.
J. J. Letzkus, B. M. Kampa, and G. J. Stuart (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 10420-10429
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neuronal computations with stochastic network states..
A. Destexhe and D. Contreras (2006)
Science 314, 85-90
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Contributions of principal neocortical neurons to magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography signals.
S. Murakami and Y. Okada (2006)
J. Physiol. 575, 925-936
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Coding region paraoxonase polymorphisms dictate accentuated neuronal reactions in chronic, sub-threshold pesticide exposure.
R. O. Browne, L. B. Moyal-Segal, D. Zumsteg, Y. David, O. Kofman, A. Berger, H. Soreq, and A. Friedman (2006)
FASEB J 20, 1733-1735
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ionic mechanisms of autorhythmic firing in rat cerebellar Golgi cells.
L. Forti, E. Cesana, J. Mapelli, and E. D'Angelo (2006)
J. Physiol. 574, 711-729
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Therapeutic Effects of Individualized Alpha Frequency Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ({alpha}TMS) on the Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia.
Y. Jin, S. G. Potkin, A. S. Kemp, S. T. Huerta, G. Alva, T. M. Thai, D. Carreon, and W. E. Bunney Jr. (2006)
Schizophr Bull 32, 556-561
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems.
M. D. Fox, M. Corbetta, A. Z. Snyder, J. L. Vincent, and M. E. Raichle (2006)
PNAS 103, 10046-10051
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Low-Threshold Ca2+-Associated Bursts Are Rare Events in the LGN of the Awake Behaving Monkey.
O. Ruiz, D. Royal, G. Sary, X. Chen, J. D. Schall, and V. A. Casagrande (2006)
J Neurophysiol 95, 3401-3413
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional Unity of the Ponto-Cerebellum: Evidence That Intrapontine Communication Is Mediated by a Reciprocal Loop With the Cerebellar Nuclei.
M. Mock, S. Butovas, and C. Schwarz (2006)
J Neurophysiol 95, 3414-3425
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bursting of Thalamic Neurons and States of Vigilance.
R. R. Llinas and M. Steriade (2006)
J Neurophysiol 95, 3297-3308
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Increases in Alpha Oscillatory Power Reflect an Active Retinotopic Mechanism for Distracter Suppression During Sustained Visuospatial Attention.
S. P. Kelly, E. C. Lalor, R. B. Reilly, and J. J. Foxe (2006)
J Neurophysiol 95, 3844-3851
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transient Pauses in Delay-Period Activity of Superior Colliculus Neurons.
X. Li, B. Kim, and M. A. Basso (2006)
J Neurophysiol 95, 2252-2264
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The role of single spiking spherical neurons in a fast sensory pathway.
J. Nogueira, M. E. Castello, and A. A. Caputi (2006)
J. Exp. Biol. 209, 1122-1134
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Contribution of Individual Spikes in Burst-Induced Long-Term Synaptic Modification.
R. C. Froemke, I. A. Tsay, M. Raad, J. D. Long, and Y. Dan (2006)
J Neurophysiol 95, 1620-1629
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Synaptic bombardment modulates muscarinic effects in forelimb motor cortex..
N. S. Desai and E. C. Walcott (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 2215-2226
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activity-Independent Coregulation of IA and Ih in Rhythmically Active Neurons.
J. N. MacLean, Y. Zhang, M. L. Goeritz, R. Casey, R. Oliva, J. Guckenheimer, and R. M. Harris-Warrick (2005)
J Neurophysiol 94, 3601-3617
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characteristic Membrane Potential Trajectories in Primate Sensorimotor Cortex Neurons Recorded In Vivo.
D. Chen and E. E. Fetz (2005)
J Neurophysiol 94, 2713-2725
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Endogenous Redox Agent L-Cysteine Induces T-Type Ca2+ Channel-Dependent Sensitization of a Novel Subpopulation of Rat Peripheral Nociceptors.
M. T. Nelson, P. M. Joksovic, E. Perez-Reyes, and S. M. Todorovic (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 8766-8775
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Spontaneous Oscillatory Activity of Starburst Amacrine Cells in the Mouse Retina.
J. Petit-Jacques, B. Volgyi, B. Rudy, and S. Bloomfield (2005)
J Neurophysiol 94, 1770-1780
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Synaptic Release of Serotonin Induced by Stimulation of the Raphe Nucleus Promotes Plateau Potentials in Spinal Motoneurons of the Adult Turtle.
J.-F. Perrier and R. Delgado-Lezama (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 7993-7999
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Periodic High-Conductance States in Spinal Neurons during Scratch-Like Network Activity in Adult Turtles.
A. Alaburda, R. Russo, N. MacAulay, and J. Hounsgaard (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 6316-6321
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From The Cover: The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks.
M. D. Fox, A. Z. Snyder, J. L. Vincent, M. Corbetta, D. C. Van Essen, and M. E. Raichle (2005)
PNAS 102, 9673-9678
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Different kinetic properties of two T-type Ca2+ currents of rat reticular thalamic neurones and their modulation by enflurane.
P. M Joksovic, D. A Bayliss, and S. M Todorovic (2005)
J. Physiol. 566, 125-142
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Depolarizing GABA Acts on Intrinsically Bursting Pyramidal Neurons to Drive Giant Depolarizing Potentials in the Immature Hippocampus.
S. T. Sipila, K. Huttu, I. Soltesz, J. Voipio, and K. Kaila (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 5280-5289
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stimulus-Dependent {gamma} (30-50 Hz) Oscillations in Simple and Complex Fast Rhythmic Bursting Cells in Primary Visual Cortex.
J. A. Cardin, L. A. Palmer, and D. Contreras (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 5339-5350
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
DPP10 Modulates Kv4-mediated A-type Potassium Channels.
E. Zagha, A. Ozaita, S. Y. Chang, M. S. Nadal, U. Lin, M. J. Saganich, T. McCormack, K. O. Akinsanya, S. Y. Qi, and B. Rudy (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 18853-18861
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Integration Time in a Subset of Spinal Lamina I Neurons Is Lengthened by Sodium and Calcium Currents Acting Synergistically to Prolong Subthreshold Depolarization.
S. A. Prescott and Y. De Koninck (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 4743-4754
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Angiotensin II Induces Calcium-Dependent Rhythmic Activity in a Subpopulation of Rat Hypothalamic Median Preoptic Nucleus Neurons.
D. Spanswick and L. P. Renaud (2005)
J Neurophysiol 93, 1970-1976
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Single-Column Thalamocortical Network Model Exhibiting Gamma Oscillations, Sleep Spindles, and Epileptogenic Bursts.
R. D. Traub, D. Contreras, M. O. Cunningham, H. Murray, F. E. N. LeBeau, A. Roopun, A. Bibbig, W. B. Wilent, M. J. Higley, and M. A. Whittington (2005)
J Neurophysiol 93, 2194-2232
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Subthreshold inactivation of voltage-gated K+ channels modulates action potentials in neocortical bitufted interneurones from rats.
A. Korngreen, K. M. M. Kaiser, and Y. Zilberter (2005)
J. Physiol. 562, 421-437
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Information Processing in the Mammalian Olfactory System.
P.-M. Lledo, G. Gheusi, and J.-D. Vincent (2005)
Physiol Rev 85, 281-317
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lack of delta waves and sleep disturbances during non-rapid eye movement sleep in mice lacking {alpha}1G-subunit of T-type calcium channels.
J. Lee, D. Kim, and H.-S. Shin (2004)
PNAS 101, 18195-18199
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional Impact of Alternative Splicing of Human T-Type Cav3.3 Calcium Channels.
J. Murbartian, J. M. Arias, and E. Perez-Reyes (2004)
J Neurophysiol 92, 3399-3407
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Beat Goes On: Spontaneous Firing in Mammalian Neuronal Microcircuits.
M. Hausser, I. M. Raman, T. Otis, S. L. Smith, A. Nelson, S. du Lac, Y. Loewenstein, S. Mahon, C. Pennartz, I. Cohen, et al. (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 9215-9219
   Full Text »    PDF »
Inhibitory Interneurons in the Olfactory Bulb: From Development to Function.
P.-M. Lledo, A. Saghatelyan, and M. Lemasson (2004)
Neuroscientist 10, 292-303
   Abstract »    PDF »
High-frequency oscillations and seizure generation in neocortical epilepsy.
G. A. Worrell, L. Parish, S. D. Cranstoun, R. Jonas, G. Baltuch, and B. Litt (2004)
Brain 127, 1496-1506
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From The Cover: Prolonged hyperpolarizing potentials precede spindle oscillations in the thalamic reticular nucleus.
P. Fuentealba, I. Timofeev, and M. Steriade (2004)
PNAS 101, 9816-9821
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neuronal Oscillations in Cortical Networks.
G. Buzsaki and A. Draguhn (2004)
Science 304, 1926-1929
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Firing Mode-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in Rat Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons.
B. Birtoli and D. Ulrich (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 4935-4940
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Synaptic Interactions Between Thalamic and Cortical Inputs Onto Cortical Neurons In Vivo.
P. Fuentealba, S. Crochet, I. Timofeev, and M. Steriade (2004)
J Neurophysiol 91, 1990-1998
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Auditory Responses in the Central Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus by Tetraethylammonium-Sensitive Potassium Channels.
H. Zhang, S. H. Wu, and J. B. Kelly (2004)
J Neurophysiol 91, 2194-2204
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Synfire Chains and Cortical Songs: Temporal Modules of Cortical Activity.
Y. Ikegaya, G. Aaron, R. Cossart, D. Aronov, I. Lampl, D. Ferster, and R. Yuste (2004)
Science 304, 559-564
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Synaptic Responses to Whisker Deflections in Rat Barrel Cortex as a Function of Cortical Layer and Stimulus Intensity.
W. B. Wilent and D. Contreras (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 3985-3998
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
P/Q-Type Ca2+ Channel {alpha}1A Regulates Synaptic Competition on Developing Cerebellar Purkinje Cells.
T. Miyazaki, K. Hashimoto, H.-S. Shin, M. Kano, and M. Watanabe (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 1734-1743
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Riluzole-Sensitive Slowly Inactivating Sodium Current in Rat Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons.
N. I. Kononenko, L.-R. Shao, and F. E. Dudek (2004)
J Neurophysiol 91, 710-718
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Firing Patterns of Type II Spiral Ganglion Neurons In Vitro.
M. A. Reid, J. Flores-Otero, and R. L. Davis (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 733-742
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inactivation of Calcium-Binding Protein Genes Induces 160 Hz Oscillations in the Cerebellar Cortex of Alert Mice.
G. Cheron, D. Gall, L. Servais, B. Dan, R. Maex, and S. N. Schiffmann (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 434-441
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nonlinear Integration of Sensory Responses in the Rat Barrel Cortex: An Intracellular Study In Vivo.
M. J. Higley and D. Contreras (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 10190-10200
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interactions Between Membrane Conductances Underlying Thalamocortical Slow-Wave Oscillations.
A. DESTEXHE and T. J. SEJNOWSKI (2003)
Physiol Rev 83, 1401-1453
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Static and Dynamic Membrane Properties of Lateral Vestibular Nucleus Neurons in Guinea Pig Brain Stem Slices.
A. Uno, E. Idoux, M. Beraneck, P.-P. Vidal, L. E. Moore, V. J. Wilson, and N. Vibert (2003)
J Neurophysiol 90, 1689-1703
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Response to Contrast of Electrophysiologically Defined Cell Classes in Primary Visual Cortex.
D. Contreras and L. Palmer (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 6936-6945
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ionic Mechanisms Mediating Oscillatory Membrane Potentials in Wide-Field Retinal Amacrine Cells.
J. Vigh, E. Solessio, C. W. Morgans, and E. M. Lasater (2003)
J Neurophysiol 90, 431-443
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Glutamatergic and GABAergic Regulation of Neural Responses in Inferior Colliculus to Amplitude-Modulated Sounds.
H. Zhang and J. B. Kelly (2003)
J Neurophysiol 90, 477-490
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Context sensitivity of activity-dependent increases in cerebral blood flow.
K. Caesar, L. Gold, and M. Lauritzen (2003)
PNAS 100, 4239-4244
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Independent Neuronal Oscillators of the Rat Globus Pallidus.
I. M. Stanford (2003)
J Neurophysiol 89, 1713-1717
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Physiology of Low-Voltage-Activated T-type Calcium Channels.
E. Perez-Reyes (2003)
Physiol Rev 83, 117-161
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Active Contribution of Dendrites to the Tonic and Trimodal Patterns of Activity in Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons.
M. Womack and K. Khodakhah (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 10603-10612
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Potassium Currents during the Action Potential of Hippocampal CA3 Neurons.
J. Mitterdorfer and B. P. Bean (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 10106-10115
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inhibitory Synchronization of Bursting in Biological Neurons: Dependence on Synaptic Time Constant.
R. C. Elson, A. I. Selverston, H. D. I. Abarbanel, and M. I. Rabinovich (2002)
J Neurophysiol 88, 1166-1176
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cortical hyperpolarization-activated depolarizing current takes part in the generation of focal paroxysmal activities.
I. Timofeev, M. Bazhenov, T. Sejnowski, and M. Steriade (2002)
PNAS 99, 9533-9537
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dendritic Resonance in Rat Neocortical Pyramidal Cells.
D. Ulrich (2002)
J Neurophysiol 87, 2753-2759
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Residual cerebral activity and behavioural fragments can remain in the persistently vegetative brain.
N. D. Schiff, U. Ribary, D. R. Moreno, B. Beattie, E. Kronberg, R. Blasberg, J. Giacino, C. McCagg, J. J. Fins, R. Llinas, et al. (2002)
Brain 125, 1210-1234
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hydrogen Sulfide Is Produced in Response to Neuronal Excitation.
K. Eto, M. Ogasawara, K. Umemura, Y. Nagai, and H. Kimura (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 3386-3391
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reliable, Responsive Pacemaking and Pattern Generation With Minimal Cell Numbers: the Crustacean Cardiac Ganglion.
I. M. Cooke (2002)
Biol. Bull. 202, 108-136
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intrinsic Firing Dynamics of Vestibular Nucleus Neurons.
C. Sekirnjak and S. du Lac (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 2083-2095
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Oscillatory mechanism in primary sensory neurones.
R. Amir, C.-N. Liu, J. D. Kocsis, and M. Devor (2002)
Brain 125, 421-435
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »