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Science 10 November 1989:
Vol. 246. no. 4931, pp. 780 - 786
DOI: 10.1126/science.2814500
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Articles

Science, Vol 246, Issue 4931, 780-786
Copyright © 1989 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

In vivo footprinting of a muscle specific enhancer by ligation mediated PCR

PR Mueller and B Wold

Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125.

In vivo protein-DNA interactions at the developmentally regulated enhancer of the mouse muscle creatine kinase (MCK) gene were examined by a newly developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) footprinting procedure. This ligation mediated, single-sided PCR technique permits the exponential amplification of an entire sequence ladder. Several footprints were detected in terminally differentiated muscle cells where the MCK gene is actively transcribed. None were observed in myogenic cells prior to differentiation or in nonmuscle cells. Two footprints appear to correspond to sites that can bind the myogenic regulator MyoD1 in vitro, whereas two others represent muscle specific use of apparently general factors. Because MyoD1 is synthesized by undifferentiated myoblasts, these data imply that additional regulatory mechanisms must restrict the interaction between this protein and its target site prior to differentiation.


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trans-Retinoic Acid Blocks Platelet-derived Growth Factor-BB-induced Expression of the Murine Monocyte Chemoattractant-1 Gene by Blocking the Assembly of a Promoter Proximal Sp1 Binding Site.
D. Ping, G. Boekhoudt, and J. M. Boss (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 31909-31916
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A Novel Element and a TEF-2-like Element Activate the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Transactivator in B-lymphocytes.
N. Ghosh, J. F. Piskurich, G. Wright, K. Hassani, J. P.-Y. Ting, and K. L. Wright (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 32342-32350
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Transcriptional Regulation of the Ig{kappa} Gene by Promoter-Proximal Pausing of RNA Polymerase II.
E. E. Raschke, T. Albert, and D. Eick (1999)
J. Immunol. 163, 4375-4382
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Hypermethylation of Metallothionein-I Promoter and Suppression of Its Induction in Cell Lines Overexpressing the Large Subunit of Ku Protein.
S. Majumder, K. Ghoshal, Z. Li, and S. T. Jacob (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 28584-28589
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In Vivo Structure of Two Divergent Promoters at the Human PCNA Locus. SYNTHESIS OF ANTISENSE RNA AND S PHASE-DEPENDENT BINDING OF E2F COMPLEXES IN INTRON 1.
S. Tommasi and G. P. Pfeifer (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 27829-27838
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Chromatin remodeling directly activates V(D)J recombination.
S. R. Cherry and D. Baltimore (1999)
PNAS 96, 10788-10793
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Identification by In Vivo Genomic Footprinting of a Transcriptional Switch Containing NF-kappa B and Sp1 That Regulates the Ikappa Balpha Promoter.