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Science 10 July 1992:
Vol. 257. no. 5067, pp. 255 - 259
DOI: 10.1126/science.1321498
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Articles

Science, Vol 257, Issue 5067, 255-259
Copyright © 1992 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

Syntaxin: a synaptic protein implicated in docking of synaptic vesicles at presynaptic active zones

MK Bennett, N Calakos, and RH Scheller

Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305.

Synaptic vesicles store neurotransmitters that are released during calcium-regulated exocytosis. The specificity of neurotransmitter release requires the localization of both synaptic vesicles and calcium channels to the presynaptic active zone. Two 35-kilodalton proteins (p35 or syntaxins) were identified that interact with the synaptic vesicle protein p65 (synaptotagmin). The p35 proteins are expressed only in the nervous system, are 84 percent identical, include carboxyl-terminal membrane anchors, and are concentrated on the plasma membrane at synaptic sites. An antibody to p35 immunoprecipitated solubilized N-type calcium channels. The p35 proteins may function in docking synaptic vesicles near calcium channels at presynaptic active zones.


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Syntaxin 1A regulation of weakly inactivating N-type Ca2+ channels.
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T.-i. Nishiki and G. J. Augustine (2004)
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Syntaxin-1A Is Excluded from Recycling Synaptic Vesicles at Nerve Terminals.
S. J. Mitchell and T. A. Ryan (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 4884-4888
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J. Boczan, A. G. M. Leenders, and Z.-H. Sheng (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 18911-18919
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J. Biol. Chem. 279, 12574-12579
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Unexpected Ca2+-binding properties of synaptotagmin 9.
O.-H. Shin, A. Maximov, B. K. Lim, J. Rizo, and T. C. Sudhof (2004)
PNAS 101, 2554-2559
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Syntaxin-1A Binds the Nucleotide-binding Folds of Sulphonylurea Receptor 1 to Regulate the KATP Channel.
E. A. Pasyk, Y. Kang, X. Huang, N. Cui, L. Sheu, and H. Y. Gaisano (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 4234-4240
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Forespore membrane assembly in yeast: coordinating SPBs and membrane trafficking.
C. Shimoda (2004)
J. Cell Sci. 117, 389-396
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Trans-SNARE interactions elicit Ca2+ efflux from the yeast vacuole lumen.
A. J. Merz and W. T. Wickner (2004)
J. Cell Biol. 164, 195-206
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mutations in the Effector Binding Loops in the C2A and C2B Domains of Synaptotagmin I Disrupt Exocytosis in a Nonadditive Manner.
P. Wang, C.-T. Wang, J. Bai, M. B. Jackson, and E. R. Chapman (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 47030-47037
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif Protein Reduces Intracellular Expression and Inhibits Packaging of APOBEC3G (CEM15), a Cellular Inhibitor of Virus Infectivity.
S. Kao, M. A. Khan, E. Miyagi, R. Plishka, A. Buckler-White, and K. Strebel (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 11398-11407
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of Recombinant Calcium Channels Support Secretion in a Mouse Pheochromocytoma Cell Line.
A. B. Harkins, A. L. Cahill, J. F. Powers, A. S. Tischler, and A. P. Fox (2003)
J Neurophysiol 90, 2325-2333
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Controversies in synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
R. M. Weimer and E. M. Jorgensen (2003)
J. Cell Sci. 116, 3661-3666
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Examining Synaptotagmin 1 Function in Dense Core Vesicle Exocytosis under Direct Control of Ca2+.
J. B. Sorensen, R. Fernandez-Chacon, T. C. Sudhof, and E. Neher (2003)
J. Gen. Physiol. 122, 265-276
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Ca2+-dependent Phosphorylation of Syntaxin-1A by the Death-associated Protein (DAP) Kinase Regulates Its Interaction with Munc18.
J.-H. Tian, S. Das, and Z.-H. Sheng (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 26265-26274
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Ectopic expression of syntaxin 1 in the ER redirects TI-VAMP- and cellubrevin-containing vesicles.
S. Martinez-Arca, V. Proux-Gillardeaux, P. Alberts, D. Louvard, and T. Galli (2003)
J. Cell Sci. 116, 2805-2816
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Co-expression of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 7 and N-type Ca2+ Channels in Single Cerebrocortical Nerve Terminals of Adult Rats.
C. Millan, E. Castro, M. Torres, R. Shigemoto, and J. Sanchez-Prieto (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 23955-23962
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Munc18-Syntaxin Complexes and Exocytosis in Human Platelets.
A. Houng, J. Polgar, and G. L. Reed (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 19627-19633
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Regulation of Growth Cone Extension by SNARE Proteins.
K. Kimura, A. Mizoguchi, and C. Ide (2003)
J. Histochem. Cytochem. 51, 429-433
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Secretory Granule Exocytosis.
R. D. Burgoyne and A. Morgan (2003)
Physiol Rev 83, 581-632
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Redistribution of Syntaxin mRNA in Neuronal Cell Bodies Regulates Protein Expression and Transport during Synapse Formation and Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity.
J.-Y. Hu, X. Meng, and S. Schacher (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 1804-1815
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Heterogeneous Presynaptic Release Probabilities: Functional Relevance for Short-Term Plasticity.
J. Trommershauser, R. Schneggenburger, A. Zippelius, and E. Neher (2003)
Biophys. J. 84, 1563-1579
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
High Resolution Structure, Stability, and Synaptotagmin Binding of a Truncated Neuronal SNARE Complex.
J. A. Ernst and A. T. Brunger (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 8630-8636
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Visualization of synaptotagmin I oligomers assembled onto lipid monolayers.
Y. Wu, Y. He, J. Bai, S.-R. Ji, W. C. Tucker, E. R. Chapman, and S.-F. Sui (2003)
PNAS 100, 2082-2087
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Mechanism of Calcium-independent Synaptotagmin Binding to Target SNAREs.
C. Rickman and B. Davletov (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 5501-5504
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Hierarchy of protein assembly at the vertex ring domain for yeast vacuole docking and fusion.
L. Wang, A. J. Merz, K. M. Collins, and W. Wickner (2003)
J. Cell Biol. 160, 365-374
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Functional Interaction of Auxiliary Subunits and Synaptic Proteins With CaV1.3 May Impart Hair Cell Ca2+ Current Properties.
H. Song, L. Nie, A. Rodriguez-Contreras, Z.-H. Sheng, and E. N. Yamoah (2003)
J Neurophysiol 89, 1143-1149
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Action of Complexin on SNARE Complex.
K. Hu, J. Carroll, C. Rickman, and B. Davletov (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 41652-41656
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Staring, a Novel E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase That Targets Syntaxin 1 for Degradation.
L.-S. Chin, J. P. Vavalle, and L. Li (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 35071-35079
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SNAP-25 Traffics to the Plasma Membrane by a Syntaxin-independent Mechanism.
S. S. Loranger and M. E. Linder (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 34303-34309
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A Drosophila SNAP-25 Null Mutant Reveals Context-Dependent Redundancy With SNAP-24 in Neurotransmission.
I. Vilinsky, B. A. Stewart, J. Drummond, I. Robinson, and D. L. Deitcher (2002)
Genetics 162, 259-271
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Vesicle-associated Membrane Protein-2/Synaptobrevin Binding to Synaptotagmin I Promotes O-Glycosylation of Synaptotagmin I.
M. Fukuda (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 30351-30358
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Calcium-independent stimulation of membrane fusion and SNAREpin formation by synaptotagmin I.
L. K. Mahal, S. M. Sequeira, J. M. Gureasko, and T. H. Sollner (2002)
J. Cell Biol. 158, 273-282
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Activation of Presynaptic P2X7-Like Receptors Depresses Mossy Fiber-CA3 Synaptic Transmission through p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase.
J. N. Armstrong, T. B. Brust, R. G. Lewis, and B. A. MacVicar (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 5938-5945
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Novel syntaxin gene sequences from Giardia, Trypanosoma and algae: implications for the ancient evolution of the eukaryotic endomembrane system.
J. B. Dacks and W. F. Doolittle (2002)
J. Cell Sci. 115, 1635-1642
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Modifications in the C Terminus of the Synaptosome-associated Protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) and in the Complementary Region of Synaptobrevin Affect the Final Steps of Exocytosis.
A. Gil, L. M. Gutierrez, C. Carrasco-Serrano, M. T. Alonso, S. Viniegra, and M. Criado (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 9904-9910
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Mechanisms of CFTR regulation by syntaxin 1A and PKA.
S. Y. Chang, A. Di, A. P. Naren, H. C. Palfrey, K. L. Kirk, and D. J. Nelson (2002)
J. Cell Sci. 115, 783-791
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Molecular Determinants of Regulated Exocytosis.
S. H. Gerber and T. C. Sudhof (2002)
Diabetes 51, S3-11
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Synaptotagmin VIII Is Localized to the Mouse Sperm Head and May Function in Acrosomal Exocytosis.
D. M. Hutt, R. A. Cardullo, J. M. Baltz, and J. K. Ngsee (2002)
Biol Reprod 66, 50-56
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Genome and Hormones: Gender Differences in Physiology: Invited Review: Estrogens effects on the brain: multiple sites and molecular mechanisms.
B. S. McEwen (2001)
J Appl Physiol 91, 2785-2801
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Targeted Mutations in the Syntaxin H3 Domain Specifically Disrupt SNARE Complex Function in Synaptic Transmission.
T. Fergestad, M. N. Wu, K. L. Schulze, T. E. Lloyd, H. J. Bellen, and K. Broadie (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 9142-9150
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The Schizosaccharomyces pombe spo3+ Gene Is Required for Assembly of the Forespore Membrane and Genetically Interacts with psy1+-encoding Syntaxin-like Protein.
T. Nakamura, M. Nakamura-Kubo, A. Hirata, and C. Shimoda (2001)
Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 3955-3972
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Dopamine D1 Receptor-Dependent Trafficking of Striatal NMDA Glutamate Receptors to the Postsynaptic Membrane.
A. W. Dunah and D. G. Standaert (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 5546-5558
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Tracking the estrogen receptor in neurons: Implications for estrogen-induced synapse formation.
B. McEwen, K. Akama, S. Alves, W. G. Brake, K. Bulloch, S. Lee, C. Li, G. Yuen, and T. A. Milner (2001)
PNAS 98, 7093-7100
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The Exocyst Complex Associates with Microtubules to Mediate Vesicle Targeting and Neurite Outgrowth.
I. E. Vega and S.-C. Hsu (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 3839-3848
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Homotypic Fusion of Immature Secretory Granules During Maturation Requires Syntaxin 6.
F. Wendler, L. Page, S. Urbe, and S. A. Tooze (2001)
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Direct Interaction of a Brain Voltage-Gated K+ Channel with Syntaxin 1A: Functional Impact on Channel Gating.
O. Fili, I. Michaelevski, Y. Bledi, D. Chikvashvili, D. Singer-Lahat, H. Boshwitz, M. Linial, and I. Lotan (2001)
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J. T. Littleton, J. Bai, B. Vyas, R. Desai, A. E. Baltus, M. B. Garment, S. D. Carlson, B. Ganetzky, and E. R. Chapman (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 1421-1433
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Mechanism and regulation of GLUT-4 vesicle fusion in muscle and fat cells.
L. J. Foster and A. Klip (2000)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 279, C877-C890
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Close Is Not Enough: SNARE-dependent Membrane Fusion Requires an Active Mechanism that Transduces Force to Membrane Anchors.
J. A. McNew, T. Weber, F. Parlati, R. J. Johnston, T. J. Melia, T. H. Sollner, and J. E. Rothman (2000)
J. Cell Biol. 150, 105-118
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