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Science 20 August 1993:
Vol. 261. no. 5124, pp. 1004 - 1012
DOI: 10.1126/science.8351515

Articles

Science, Vol 261, Issue 5124, 1004-1012
Copyright © 1993 by American Association for the Advancement of Science


articles

Antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents--is the bullet really magical?

CA Stein and YC Cheng

Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.

Because of the specificity of Watson-Crick base pairing, attempts are now being made to use oligodeoxynucleotides (oligos) in the therapy of human disease. However, for a successful outcome, the oligo must meet at least six criteria: (i) the oligos can be synthesized easily and in bulk; (ii) the oligos must be stable in vivo; (iii) the oligos must be able to enter the target cell; (iv) the oligos must be retained by the target cell; (v) the oligos must be able to interact with their cellular targets; and (vi) the oligos should not interact in a non-sequence-specific manner with other macromolecules. Phosphorothioate oligos are examples of oligos that are being considered for clinical therapeutic trials and meet some, but not all, of these criteria. The potential use of phosphorothioate oligos as inhibitors of viral replication is highlighted.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
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Effective inhibition in animals of viral pathogenesis by a ribozyme derived from RNase P catalytic RNA.
Y. Bai, P. Trang, H. Li, K. Kim, T. Zhou, and F. Liu (2008)
PNAS 105, 10919-10924
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2'-Fluoro-4'-thioarabino-modified oligonucleotides: conformational switches linked to siRNA activity.
J. K. Watts, N. Choubdar, K. Sadalapure, F. Robert, A. S. Wahba, J. Pelletier, B. Mario Pinto, and M. J. Damha (2007)
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Antiadhesive Effects of GRN163L--An Oligonucleotide N3'->P5' Thio-Phosphoramidate Targeting Telomerase.
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Engineered external guide sequences are highly effective in inducing RNase P for inhibition of gene expression and replication of human cytomegalovirus.
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Effective inhibition of human cytomegalovirus gene expression and growth by intracellular expression of external guide sequence RNA.
H. LI, P. TRANG, K. KIM, T. ZHOU, S. UMAMOTO, and F. LIU (2006)
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Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) of Oligodeoxyribonucleotides: An Insight into Solution Structural Dynamics of DNAs Provided by Gel Electrophoresis and Molecular Dynamics Simulations.
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Dissecting human cytomegalovirus gene function and capsid maturation by ribozyme targeting and electron cryomicroscopy.
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Effective inhibition of Rta expression and lytic replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus by human RNase P.
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Attenuation of HIV-1 Replication in Primary Human Cells with a Designed Zinc Finger Transcription Factor.
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J. Biol. Chem. 279, 14509-14519
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Nonmethylated CG Motifs Packaged into Virus-Like Particles Induce Protective Cytotoxic T Cell Responses in the Absence of Systemic Side Effects.
T. Storni, C. Ruedl, K. Schwarz, R. A. Schwendener, W. A. Renner, and M. F. Bachmann (2004)
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Triplex-forming oligonucleotide target sequences in the human genome.
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Targeted Liposomal c-myc Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides Induce Apoptosis and Inhibit Tumor Growth and Metastases in Human Melanoma Models.
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Targeting of iNOS with antisense DNA plasmid reduces cytokine-induced inhibition of osteoblastic activity.
T. Abe, H. Hikiji, W. S. Shin, N. Koshikiya, S.-i. Shima, J. Nakata, T. Susami, T. Takato, and T. Toyo-oka (2003)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285, E614-E621
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Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting XIAP Induce Apoptosis and Enhance Chemotherapeutic Activity against Human Lung Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo.
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Imaging of Vascular Gene Therapy.
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Radiology 228, 36-49
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In vivo imaging with oligonucleotides for diagnosis and drug development.
B Tavitian (2003)
Gut 52, iv40-47
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Cutting Edge: Mouse Pellino-2 Modulates IL-1 and Lipopolysaccharide Signaling.
K.-Y. Yu, H.-J. Kwon, D. A. M. Norman, E. Vig, M. G. Goebl, and M. A. Harrington (2002)
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In Vitro Selection of External Guide Sequences for Directing RNase P-mediated Inhibition of Viral Gene Expression.
T. Zhou, J. Kim, A. F. Kilani, K. Kim, W. Dunn, S. Jo, E. Nepomuceno, and F. Liu (2002)
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Molecular requirements for degradation of a modified sense RNA strand by Escherichia coli ribonuclease H1.
D. R. Yazbeck, K.-L. Min, and M. J. Damha (2002)
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Design and characterization of decoy oligonucleotides containing locked nucleic acids.
R. Crinelli, M. Bianchi, L. Gentilini, and M. Magnani (2002)
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Antisense therapy for malignant mesothelioma with oligonucleotides targeting the bcl-xl gene product.
W. R. Smythe, I. Mohuiddin, M. Ozveran, and X. X. Cao (2002)
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Intramural coronary delivery of advanced antisense oligonucleotides reduces neointimal formation in the porcine stent restenosis model.
N. N. Kipshidze, H.-S. Kim, P. Iversen, H. A. Yazdi, B. Bhargava, G. New, R. Mehran, F. Tio, C. Haudenschild, G. Dangas, et al. (2002)
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39, 1686-1691
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inhibition of murine macrophage nitric oxide production by synthetic oligonucleotides.
F.-G. Zhu, C. F. Reich, and D. S. Pisetsky (2002)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 71, 686-694
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antisense RNA Down-Regulation of bcl-xL Expression in Prostate Cancer Cells Leads to Diminished Rates of Cellular Proliferation and Resistance to Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agents.
M. Vilenchik, A. J. Raffo, L. Benimetskaya, D. Shames, and C. A. Stein (2002)
Cancer Res. 62, 2175-2183
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pre- and Postnatal Lung Development, Maturation, and Plasticity: Antisense inhibition of surfactant protein A decreases tubular myelin formation in human fetal lung in vitro.
J. M. Klein, T. A. McCarthy, J. M. Dagle, and J. M. Snyder (2002)
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 282, L386-L393
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Antisense Oligonucleotides: Basic Concepts and Mechanisms.
N. Dias and C. A. Stein (2002)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 1, 347-355
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Triplex formation by morpholino oligodeoxyribonucleotides in the HER-2/neu promoter requires the pyrimidine motif.
J. Basye, J. O. Trent, D. Gao, and S. W. Ebbinghaus (2001)
Nucleic Acids Res. 29, 4873-4880
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Sense, Antisense, and Common Sense.
J.-L. C. Urbain (2001)
J. Nucl. Med. 42, 1670-1672
   Full Text »    PDF »
Tumor Targeting and Imaging of Intraperitoneal Tumors by Use of Antisense Oligo-DNA Complexed with Dendrimers and/or Avidin in Mice.
N. Sato, H. Kobayashi, T. Saga, Y. Nakamoto, T. Ishimori, K. Togashi, Y. Fujibayashi, J. Konishi, and M. W. Brechbiel (2001)
Clin. Cancer Res. 7, 3606-3612
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Psoralen-modified clamp-forming antisense oligonucleotides reduce cellular c-Myc protein expression and B16-F0 proliferation.
D. A. Stewart, S. D. Thomas, C. A. Mayfield, and D. M. Miller (2001)
Nucleic Acids Res. 29, 4052-4061
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A combinatorial approach for selectively inducing programmed cell death in human pancreatic cancer cells.
Z.-z. Su, I. V. Lebedeva, R. V. Gopalkrishnan, N. I. Goldstein, C. A. Stein, J. C. Reed, P. Dent, and P. B. Fisher (2001)
PNAS 98, 10332-10337
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tumor Growth Inhibition in Vivo and G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest Induced by Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide Targeting Thymidylate Synthase.
R. W. Berg, M. Werner, P. J. Ferguson, C. Postenka, M. Vincent, D. J. Koropatnick, and E. Behrend (2001)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 298, 477-484
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Specific Inhibition of Coxsackievirus B3 Translation and Replication by Phosphorothioate Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides.
A. Wang, P. K. M. Cheung, H. Zhang, C. M. Carthy, L. Bohunek, J. E. Wilson, B. M. McManus, and D. Yang (2001)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 1043-1052
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Chemically Modified Ribozyme to V Gene Inhibits Anti-DNA Production and the Formation of Immune Deposits Caused by Lupus Lymphocytes.
Y. Suzuki, T. Funato, Y. Munakata, K. Sato, Y. Hirabayashi, T. Ishii, N. Takasawa, T. Ootaka, T. Saito, and T. Sasaki (2000)
J. Immunol. 165, 5900-5905
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of a Hexameric Deoxyriboguanosine Run Conjugation into CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides on Their Immunostimulatory Potentials.
S. W. Lee, M. K. Song, K. H. Baek, Y. Park, J. K. Kim, C. H. Lee, H.-K. Cheong, C. Cheong, and Y. C. Sung (2000)
J. Immunol. 165, 3631-3639
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Deletion of Individual Exons and Induction of Soluble Murine Interleukin-5 Receptor-alpha Chain Expression through Antisense Oligonucleotide-Mediated Redirection of Pre-mRNA Splicing.
J. G. Karras, R. A. McKay, N. M. Dean, and B. P. Monia (2000)
Mol. Pharmacol. 58, 380-387
   Abstract »    Full Text »
RNA accessibility prediction: a theoretical approach is consistent with experimental studies in cell extracts.
M. Scherr, J. J. Rossi, G. Sczakiel, and V. Patzel (2000)
Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 2455-2461
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antisense to LOX-1 Inhibits Oxidized LDL-Mediated Upregulation of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Monocyte Adhesion to Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells.
D. Li and J. L. Mehta (2000)
Circulation 101, 2889-2895
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antisense Inhibition of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Decreases Expression of Human Surfactant Protein A.
J. M. Klein, T. A. McCarthy, J. M. Dagle, and J. M. Snyder (2000)
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 22, 676-684
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Annexin 1 (Lipocortin 1) Mediates the Glucocorticoid Inhibition of Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate-Stimulated Prolactin Secretion.
A. D. Taylor, J. G. Philip, C. D. John, P. O. Cover, J. F. Morris, R. J. Flower, and J. C. Buckingham (2000)
Endocrinology 141, 2209-2219
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The Role of Polypeptide Growth Factors in Human Carcinomas: New Targets for a Novel Pharmacological Approach.
R. E. Favoni and A. De Cupis (2000)
Pharmacol. Rev. 52, 179-206
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antisense and gene therapy to prevent restenosis.
A. Ehsan and M. J Mann (2000)
Vascular Medicine 5, 103-114
   Abstract »    PDF »
Inhibition of c-myc Expression in Cells by Targeting an RNA-Protein Interaction Using Antisense Oligonucleotides.
C. M. Coulis, C. Lee, V. Nardone, and R. D. Prokipcak (2000)
Mol. Pharmacol. 57, 485-494
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Identification, purification and partial characterisation of an oligonucleotide receptor in membranes of HepG2 cells.
P. d. Diesbach, C. Berens, F. N'Kuli, M. Monsigny, E. Sonveaux, R. Wattiez, and P. J. Courtoy (2000)
Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 868-874
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Delivery of c-myb Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides to Human Neuroblastoma Cells Via Disialoganglioside GD2-Targeted Immunoliposomes: Antitumor Effects.
G. Pagnan, D. D. Stuart, F. Pastorino, L. Raffaghello, P. G. Montaldo, T. M. Allen, B. Calabretta, and M. Ponzoni (2000)
J Natl Cancer Inst 92, 253-261
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Treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with antisense oligonucleotides to glutamine synthetase mRNA inhibits glutamine synthetase activity, formation of the poly-L-glutamate/glutamine cell wall structure, and bacterial replication.
G. Harth, P. C. Zamecnik, J.-Y. Tang, D. Tabatadze, and M. A. Horwitz (2000)
PNAS 97, 418-423
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Oligonucleotides Tethered to a Short Polyguanylic Acid Stretch Are Targeted to Macrophages: Enhanced Antiviral Activity of a Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Specific Antisense Oligonucleotide.
V. Prasad, S. Hashim, A. Mukhopadhyay, S. K. Basu, and R. P. Roy (1999)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43, 2689-2696
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Mediates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-2 Release from Alveolar Epithelial Cells . Autoregulation in Host Defense.
A. M. Xavier, N. Isowa, L. Cai, E. Dziak, M. Opas, D. I. McRitchie, A. S. Slutsky, S. H. Keshavjee, and M. Liu (1999)
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 21, 510-520
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Progression to Androgen Independence Is Delayed by Adjuvant Treatment with Antisense Bcl-2 Oligodeoxynucleotides after Castration in the LNCaP Prostate Tumor Model.
M. Gleave, A. Tolcher, H. Miyake, C. Nelson, B. Brown, E. Beraldi, and J. Goldie (1999)
Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 2891-2898
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Efficient Nuclear Delivery of Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides and Selective Inhibition of CETP Expression by Apo E Peptide in a Human CETP–Stably Transfected CHO Cell Line.
K. Liu, J. Ou, K. Saku, S. Jimi, D. P. Via, J. T. Sparrow, B. Zhang, H. J. Pownall, L. C. Smith, and K. Arakawa (1999)
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19, 2207-2213
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Antisense Bcl-2 Oligodeoxynucleotides Inhibit Progression to Androgen-Independence after Castration in the Shionogi Tumor Model.
H. Miyake, A. Tolcher, and M. E. Gleave (1999)
Cancer Res. 59, 4030-4034
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Glucocorticoids regulate transendothelial fluid flow resistance and formation of intercellular junctions.
J. L. Underwood, C. G. Murphy, J. Chen, L. Franse-Carman, I. Wood, D. L. Epstein, and J. A. Alvarado (1999)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 277, C330-C342
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Pressure delivery of AS-ICAM-1 ODN with LFA-1 mAb reduces reperfusion injury in cardiac allografts.
B. T. Feeley, A. K. Park, S. Alexopoulos, E. G. Hoyt, M. P. Ennen, R. S. Poston Jr, and R. C. Robbins (1999)
Ann. Thorac. Surg. 68, 119-124
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Interruption of Activin A Autocrine Regulation by Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides Accelerates Liver Tumor Cell Proliferation.
K. Takabe, J.-J. Lebrun, Y. Nagashima, Y. Ichikawa, M. Mitsuhashi, N. Momiyama, T. Ishikawa, H. Shimada, and W. W. Vale (1999)
Endocrinology 140, 3125-3132
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Dynamics of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides in normal and laser photocoagulated retina.
W.-Y. Shen, K. L Garrett, L. da Cruz, I. J Constable, and P. E Rakoczy (1999)
Br. J. Ophthalmol. 83, 852-861
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Suppression of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by a c-myc RNA-cleaving Deoxyribozyme.
L.-Q. Sun, M. J. Cairns, W. L. Gerlach, C. Witherington, L. Wang, and A. King (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 17236-17241
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Inhibition of Intimal Thickening After Balloon Angioplasty in Porcine Coronary Arteries by Targeting Regulators of the Cell Cycle.
R. Gallo, A. Padurean, T. Jayaraman, S. Marx, M. Roque, S. Adelman, J. Chesebro, J. Fallon, V. Fuster, A. Marks, et al. (1999)
Circulation 99, 2164-2170
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The Jun Kinase 2 Isoform Is Preferentially Required for Epidermal Growth Factor-Induced Transformation of Human A549 Lung Carcinoma Cells.
F. Bost, R. McKay, M. Bost, O. Potapova, N. M. Dean, and D. Mercola (1999)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 1938-1949
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of a Potent and Specific Class of Antisense Oligonucleotide Inhibitor of Human Protein Kinase C-alpha Expression.
R. A. McKay, L. J. Miraglia, L. L. Cummins, S. R. Owens, H. Sasmor, and N. M. Dean (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 1715-1722
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Is Gene Therapy for Hypertension Possible?.
M. I. Phillips (1999)
Hypertension 33, 8-13
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Ex vivo gene therapy prevents chronic graft vascular disease incardiac allografts.
R. S. Poston, M. Ennen, J. Pollard, E. G. Hoyt, M. E. Billingham, and R. C. Robbins (1998)
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 116, 386-390
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Proceedings of the British Toxicology Society Annual Congress University of Surrey, Guildford 19 - 22 April 1998.
(1998)
Human and Experimental Toxicology 17, 469-534
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Nucleic Acid Therapeutics: State of the Art and Future Prospects.
A. M. Gewirtz, D. L. Sokol, and M. Z. Ratajczak (1998)
Blood 92, 712-736
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Potent inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus replication using a 2-5A-antisense chimera targeted to signals within the virus genomic RNA.
M. R. Player, D. L. Barnard, and P. F. Torrence (1998)
PNAS 95, 8874-8879
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Novel Chemically Modified Oligonucleotides Provide Potent Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein Expression.
S. K. Alahari, R. DeLong, M. H. Fisher, N. M. Dean, P. Viliet, and R. L. Juliano (1998)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 286, 419-428
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Selective Inhibition of alpha 1B-Adrenergic Receptor Expression and Function Using a Phosphorothioate Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide.
P. J. Gonzalez-Cabrera, P. L. Iversen, M. F. Liu, M. A. Scofield, and W. B. Jeffries (1998)
Mol. Pharmacol. 53, 1034-1039
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Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein and Recovery of Drug Sensitivity of Human Acute Leukemic Blast Cells by Multidrug Resistance Gene (mdr1) Antisense Oligonucleotides.
S. Motomura, T. Motoji, M. Takanashi, Y.-H. Wang, H. Shiozaki, I. Sugawara, E. Aikawa, A. Tomida, T. Tsuruo, N. Kanda, et al. (1998)
Blood 91, 3163-3171
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Intravenous Injection With Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides Against Angiotensinogen Decreases Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.
N. Makino, M. Sugano, S. Ohtsuka, and S. Sawada (1998)
Hypertension 31, 1166-1170
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Antisense inhibition of the PTI-1 oncogene reverses cancer phenotypes.
Z.-z. Su, N. I. Goldstein, and P. B. Fisher (1998)
PNAS 95, 1764-1769
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Liver Uptake of Phosphodiester Oligodeoxynucleotides Is Mediated by Scavenger Receptors.
E. A. L. Biessen, H. Vietsch, J. Kuiper, M. K. Bijsterbosch, and T. J. C. v. Berkel (1998)
Mol. Pharmacol. 53, 262-269
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Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Uptake in Primary Human Hematopoietic Cells Is Enhanced by Cationic Lipids and Depends on the Hematopoietic Cell Subset.
R. Kronenwett, U. Steidl, M. Kirsch, G. Sczakiel, and R. Haas (1998)
Blood 91, 852-862
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Antibody Responses to DNA in Normal Immunity and Aberrant Immunity.
D. S. Pisetsky (1998)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 5, 1-6
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Attenuation of Calcitonin Gene Expression in Pregnant Rat Uterus Leads to a Block in Embryonic Implantation.
L.-J. Zhu, M. K. Bagchi, and I. C. Bagchi (1998)
Endocrinology 139, 330-339
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Modulation of Growth Factor Action : Implications for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases.
J. Waltenberger (1997)
Circulation 96, 4083-4094
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Fifty Years of Studies of the Biology and Therapy of Childhood Leukemia.
J. H. Kersey (1997)
Blood 90, 4243-4251
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Advanced Glycation End Product (AGE)–Mediated Induction of Tissue Factor in Cultured Endothelial Cells Is Dependent on RAGE.
A. Bierhaus, T. Illmer, M. Kasper, T. Luther, P. Quehenberger, H. Tritschler, P. Wahl, R. Ziegler, M. Muller, and P. P. Nawroth (1997)
Circulation 96, 2262-2271
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Central Overexpression of the TRH Precursor Gene Induces Hypertension in Rats : Antisense Reversal.
S. I. Garcia, P. I. Porto, A. L. Alvarez, V. N. Martinez, D. Shaurli, S. Finkielman, and C. J. Pirola (1997)
Hypertension 30, 759-766
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The antisense bcl-2-IgH transcript is an optimal target for synthetic oligonucleotides.
S. Morelli, D. Delia, S. Capaccioli, A. Quattrone, N. Schiavone, A. Bevilacqua, S. Tomasini, and A. Nicolin (1997)
PNAS 94, 8150-8155
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An Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide to Lipocortin 1 Reverses the Inhibitory Actions of Dexamethasone on the Release of Adrenocorticotropin from Rat Pituitary Tissue in Vitro.
A. D. Taylor, H. C. Christian, J. F. Morris, R. J. Flower, and J. C. Buckingham (1997)
Endocrinology 138, 2909-2918
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Antisense Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Suppress Hematologic Cell Growth Through Stepwise Release of Deoxyribonucleotides.
J.L. Vaerman, P. Moureau, F. Deldime, P. Lewalle, C. Lammineur, F. Morschhauser, and P. Martiat (1997)
Blood 90, 331-339
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