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Science 8 December 1995:
Vol. 270. no. 5242, pp. 1601 - 1607
DOI: 10.1126/science.270.5242.1601
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Special

Telomeres: Beginning to Understand the End

Virginia A. Zakian

Telomeres are the protein-DNA structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. In yeast, and probably most other eukaryotes, telomeres are essential. They allow the cell to distinguish intact from broken chromosomes, protect chromosomes from degradation, and are substrates for novel replication mechanisms. Telomeres are usually replicated by telomerase, a telomere-specific reverse transcriptase, although telomerase-independent mechanisms of telomere maintenance exist. Telomere replication is both cell cycle- and developmentally regulated, and its control is likely to be complex. Because telomere loss causes the kinds of chromosomal changes associated with cancer and aging, an understanding of telomere biology has medical relevance.


The author is in the Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.


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E2F-1 represses transcription of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene.
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Telomerase Activity in Early Bovine Embryos Derived from Parthenogenetic Activation and Nuclear Transfer.
J. Xu and X. Yang (2001)
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RNA Binding Domain of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase.
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Telomere length in leukocyte subpopulations of patients with aplastic anemia.
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Telomere Length Abnormalities in Mammalian Radiosensitive Cells.
J. McIlrath, S. D. Bouffler, E. Samper, A. Cuthbert, A. Wojcik, I. Szumiel, P. E. Bryant, A. C. Riches, A. Thompson, M. A. Blasco, et al. (2001)
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J. Cell Sci. 114, 377-388
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Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins C1 and C2 Associate with the RNA Component of Human Telomerase.
L. P. Ford, J. M. Suh, W. E. Wright, and J. W. Shay (2000)
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Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 4733-4741
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Telomerase Activity in Bovine Embryos During Early Development.
J. Xu and X. Yang (2000)
Biol Reprod 63, 1124-1128
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Characterization of the Interaction between the Nuclease and Reverse Transcriptase Activity of the Yeast Telomerase Complex.
H. Niu, J. Xia, and N. F. Lue (2000)
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Checkpoint Proteins Influence Telomeric Silencing and Length Maintenance in Budding Yeast.
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Lineage-Specific Telomere Shortening and Unaltered Capacity for Telomerase Expression in Human T and B Lymphocytes with Age.
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J. Immunol. 165, 1191-1196
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M.-C. Chaboissier, D. Finnegan, and A. Bucheton (2000)
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Interference Footprinting Analysis of Telomerase Elongation Complexes.
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Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1 and UP1 Protect Mammalian Telomeric Repeats and Modulate Telomere Replication in Vitro.
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J. S. Heslop-Harrison (2000)
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J. C. Prescott and E. H. Blackburn (2000)
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Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 1564-1575
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Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 65, 253-264
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Intranuclear Anchoring of Repetitive DNA Sequences: Centromeres, Telomeres, and Ribosomal DNA.
K. Weipoltshammer, C. Schofer, M. Almeder, V. V. Philimonenko, K. Frei, F. Wachtler, and P. Hozak (1999)
J. Cell Biol. 147, 1409-1418
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NMR studies on truncated sequences of human telomeric DNA: observation of a novel A-tetrad.
P. K. Patel, A. S. Koti, and R. V. Hosur (1999)
Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 3836-3843
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Auxin Induction of Cell Cycle Regulated Activity of Tobacco Telomerase.
K. Tamura, H. Liu, and H. Takahashi (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 20997-21002
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Simultaneous decrease of telomere length and telomerase activity with ageing of human amniotic fluid cells.
A. MOSQUERA, J. L. FERNÁNDEZ, A. CAMPOS, V. J GOYANES, J. RAMIRO-DÍAZ, and J. GOSÁLVEZ (1999)
J. Med. Genet. 36, 494-496
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Crystal structure of the two-RRM domain of hnRNP A1 (UP1) complexed with single-stranded telomeric DNA.
J. Ding, M. K. Hayashi, Y. Zhang, L. Manche, A. R. Krainer, and R.-M. Xu (1999)
Genes & Dev. 13, 1102-1115
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Virus-Induced CD8+ T Cell Clonal Expansion Is Associated with Telomerase Up-Regulation and Telomere Length Preservation: A Mechanism for Rescue from Replicative Senescence.
M. K. Maini, M. V. D. Soares, C. F. Zilch, A. N. Akbar, and P. C. L. Beverley (1999)
J. Immunol. 162, 4521-4526
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Telomerase Is Controlled by Protein Kinase Calpha in Human Breast Cancer Cells.
H. Li, L. Zhao, Z. Yang, J. W. Funder, and J.-P. Liu (1998)
J. Biol. Chem. 273, 33436-33442
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Decrease of Telomere Length in Thyroid Adenomas without Telomerase Activity.
X. De Deken, C. Vilain, J. Van Sande, J. E. Dumont, and F. Miot (1998)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 4368-4372
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Developmental Control of Telomere Lengths and Telomerase Activity in Plants.
K. Riha, J. Fajkus, J. Siroky, and B. Vyskot (1998)
PLANT CELL 10, 1691-1698
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Telomere length regulation in mice is linked to a novel chromosome locus.
L. Zhu, K. S. Hathcock, P. Hande, P. M. Lansdorp, M. F. Seldin, and R. J. Hodes (1998)
PNAS 95, 8648-8653
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Modulation of telomerase activity by telomere DNA-binding proteins in Oxytricha.
S. J. Froelich-Ammon, B. A. Dickinson, J. M. Bevilacqua, S. C. Schultz, and T. R. Cech (1998)
Genes & Dev. 12, 1504-1514
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Humanizing the yeast telomerase template.
K. A. Henning, N. Moskowitz, M. A. Ashlock, and P. P. Liu (1998)
PNAS 95, 5667-5671
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Telomerase Activity in Candidate Stem Cells From Fetal Liver and Adult Bone Marrow.
J. Yui, C.-P. Chiu, and P. M. Lansdorp (1998)
Blood 91, 3255-3262
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Interaction of recombinant Tetrahymena telomerase proteins p80 and p95 with telomerase RNA and telomeric DNA substrates.
L. Gandhi and K. Collins (1998)
Genes & Dev. 12, 721-733
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Telomere Variation in Xenopus laevis.
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Characterization and cell cycle regulation of the related human telomeric proteins Pin2 and TRF1 suggest a role in mitosis.
M. Shen, C. Haggblom, M. Vogt, T. Hunter, and K. P. Lu (1997)
PNAS 94, 13618-13623
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In vivo telomere dynamics of human hematopoietic stem cells.
R. Notaro, A. Cimmino, D. Tabarini, B. Rotoli, and L. Luzzatto (1997)
PNAS 94, 13782-13785
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Functionally interacting telomerase RNAs in the yeast telomerase complex.
J. Prescott and E. H. Blackburn (1997)
Genes & Dev. 11, 2790-2800
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Normal human chromosomes have long G-rich telomeric overhangs at one end.
W. E. Wright, V. M. Tesmer, K. E. Huffman, S. D. Levene, and J. W. Shay (1997)
Genes & Dev. 11, 2801-2809
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