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Dynamics of Pleistocene Population Extinctions in Beringian Brown Bears
I. Barnes,12P. Matheus,3B. Shapiro,2D. Jensen,2*A. Cooper2
The climatic and environmental changes associated with
the last glaciation (90,000 to 10,000 years before the present; 90to
10 ka B.P.) are an important example of the effects of globalclimate
change on biological diversity. These effects were particularlymarked
in Beringia (northeastern Siberia, northwestern North America,and the
exposed Bering Strait) during the late Pleistocene. Toinvestigate the
evolutionary impact of these events, we studiedgenetic change in the
brown bear, Ursus arctos, in eastern Beringiaover the past
60,000 years using DNA preserved in permafrost remains.A marked degree
of genetic structure is observed in populationsthroughout this period
despite local extinctions, reinvasions,and potential interspecies
competition with the short-faced bear,Arctodus simus. The
major phylogeographic changes occurred 35to 21 ka B.P., before the
glacial maximum, and little change isobserved after this time. Late
Pleistocene histories of mammaliantaxa may be more complex than those
that might be inferred fromthe fossil record or contemporary DNA
sequences alone.
1 Institute of Biological Anthropology,
University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6QS, UK.
2 Henry
Wellcome Ancient Biomolecules Centre, Department of Zoology, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
3 Alaska Quaternary
Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
*
Present address: United Nations Environment Program-Balkans,
International Environment House, Chemin des Anémones 15, 1219Châtelaine, Geneva, Switzerland.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
alan.cooper{at}zoo.ox.ac.uk
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