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Originally published in Science Express on 11 January 2007
Science 30 March 2007:
Vol. 315. no. 5820, p. 1812
DOI: 10.1126/science.1135260
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Brevia

Floral Gigantism in Rafflesiaceae

Charles C. Davis,1* Maribeth Latvis,1 Daniel L. Nickrent,2 Kenneth J. Wurdack,3 David A. Baum4

Species of Rafflesiaceae possess the world's largest flowers (up to 1 meter in diameter), yet their precise evolutionary relationships have been elusive, hindering our understanding of the evolution of their extraordinary reproductive morphology. We present results of phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial, nuclear, and plastid data showing that Rafflesiaceae are derived from within Euphorbiaceae, the spurge family. Most euphorbs produce minute flowers, suggesting that the enormous flowers of Rafflesiaceae evolved from ancestors with tiny flowers. Given the inferred phylogeny, we estimate that there was a circa 79-fold increase in flower diameter on the stem lineage of Rafflesiaceae, making this one of the most dramatic cases of size evolution reported for eukaryotes.

1 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
2 Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901–6509, USA.
3 Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, NMNH MRC-166, Washington, DC 20013–7012, USA.
4 Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 LincolnDrive, Madison, WI53706, USA.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: cdavis{at}oeb.harvard.edu

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