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Science 18 April 2008:
Vol. 320. no. 5874, pp. 362 - 365
DOI: 10.1126/science.1150021
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Reports

The Chemical Genomic Portrait of Yeast: Uncovering a Phenotype for All Genes

Maureen E. Hillenmeyer,1,2 Eula Fung,1 Jan Wildenhain,3* Sarah E. Pierce,1,4 Shawn Hoon,1,4 William Lee,1,4 Michael Proctor,1 Robert P. St.Onge,1 Mike Tyers,3,5* Daphne Koller,6 Russ B. Altman,2,4 Ronald W. Davis,2,4 Corey Nislow,5,7,8 Guri Giaever5,8,9{dagger}

Genetics aims to understand the relation between genotype and phenotype. However, because complete deletion of most yeast genes (~80%) has no obvious phenotypic consequence in rich medium, it is difficult to study their functions. To uncover phenotypes for this nonessential fraction of the genome, we performed 1144 chemical genomic assays on the yeast whole-genome heterozygous and homozygous deletion collections and quantified the growth fitness of each deletion strain in the presence of chemical or environmental stress conditions. We found that 97% of gene deletions exhibited a measurable growth phenotype, suggesting that nearly all genes are essential for optimal growth in at least one condition.

1 Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
2 Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, PaloAlto, CA94305, USA.
3 SamuelLunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X5, Canada.
4 Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
5 Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada.
6 Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
7 Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3E1, Canada.
8 Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3E1, Canada.
9 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3M2, Canada.

* Present address: Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburg, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburg EH9 3JR, UK.

{dagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: guri.giaever{at}utoronto.ca

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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)