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Preservation of Species Abundance in Marine Death Assemblages
Susan M. Kidwell
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Supplementary Material
Part I: Live-dead datasets used in this analysis (arranged onshore to offshore). These marine molluscan datasets all consist of numerical abundance data for complete lists of live and dead species, including rare species; grain size data were available to determine how stations should be pooled into facies; both live and dead specimens were sieved from sediment using a single, known mesh size; each facies-level dataset is based on at least 2 samples. * = datasets included in analysis of Kidwell & Bosence 1991. # = datasets included in analysis of Kidwell in press. ^^ using authors' field samples only; live data gathered in the study area by earlier workers, which these authors pooled with their own, were collected using other (finer) sieve sizes.
| Supplemental Table 1. |
| Study area | Author | Latitude (°N) | Environments | Number of facies-level datasets | Sieve size (mm) | Number of stations sampled (physical locations) | Number of censues of live community (visits) | Total number of samples available | Duration of live study (years) |
| 11 estuaries, Washington State to Baja California *# | MacDonald 1969 | 28-47 | marsh | 9 | 0.5 | 443 | 1 | 443 | 0.25 |
| tidal creek | 10 | 1 | 121 | 1 | 121 | 0.25 |
| Eden estuary, eastern Scotland | Zenetos 1980, 1990, 1991 | 56 | intertidal flat | 4 | 2 | 48 | 1 | 48 | 0.25 |
| Seto Sea, Japan *# | Tanabe et al. 1986, pers. Comm. | 34 | intertidal flat | 2 | 5 | 23 | 1 | 23 | 0.25 |
| Mugu Lagoon, California *# | Warme 1971 | 34 | intertidal flat, subtidal sand & grassbeds | 3 | 3 | 54 | 1 | 54 | 0.25 |
| Mugu Lagoon, California | Peterson 1972, 1976 | 34 | subtidal sand | 1 | 2 | 74 | 7 | 74 | 1.75 |
| Tijuana Slough, California | Peterson 1972, 1976 | 32.5 | subtidal sand | 1 | 2 | 62 | 7 | 62 | 1.75 |
| Mannin Bay, Ireland *# | Bosence 1979a, 1979b | 53 | algal gravels, sands, mud | 5 | 0.5 | 75 | 1 | 75 | 0.25 |
| Malo Jezero, Mljet Island, Croatia | Peharda et al. 2000 | 43 | gravelly sand to mud in saltwater lake | 4 | 5 | 22 | 1 | 22 | 0.25 |
| Tomales Bay, California | Johnson 1965, unpubl. Data; Juskevice 1969 | 38 | mud, muddy sand, sand/gravel | 4 | 1.5 | 71 | 1 | 71 | 0.25 |
| Chesapeake Bay, Virginia | Jackson 1968 | 37.5 | sand, mud, grassbed | 3 | 1 | 25 | 1 | 25 | 0.25 |
| Copano Bay, Texas *# | Staff et al. 1985, 1986 | 28 | marginal sandy mud | 1 | 0.5 | 2 | 18 | 36 | 1.5 |
| Copano Bay, Texas | Calnan 1980 | 28 | sands, muds, oyster reef, shell gravels | 6 | 1 | 92 | 1 | 92 | 0.25 |
| Lagunas Carmen & Machona, Tabasco, Mexico | Reguero 1994; Antoli & Garcia-Cubas 1985 | 18.5 | muds to sands | 5 | 1.5 | 26 | 1 | 26 | 0.25 |
| Laguna Mecoacan, Tabasco, Mexico | Reguero 1994; Galviz-Solis et al. 1987 | 18.5 | muddy sand | 1 | 1.5 | 16 | 1 | 16 | 0.25 |
| Laguna La Mancha, Veracruz, Mexico | Reguero 1994; Flores-Andolais et al. 1988 | 19.5 | oligohaline to mesohaline muds, sandy mud | 4 | 1.5 | 33 | 1 | 33 | 0.25 |
| Cancun, Yucatan, Mexico *# | Ekdale 1972, 1977 | 21 | backreef, channel, & open shelf | 4 | 3 | 50 | 1 | 50 | 0.25 |
| Smugglers Bay, US Virgin Islands | Miller 1981, 1988 | 18 | grassbeds to non-vegetated sand | 3 | 4 | 37 | 2 | 74 | 0.6 |
| Helgoland Bight, Germany # | Reineck et al. 1971, 1967 | 54 | shoreface sand to open shelf mud | 3 | 0.63 | 29 | 1 | 29 | 0.25 |
| Gulf of Gaeta, Italy # | Hertweck 1971, Dorjes 1971 | 41 | shoreface sand to open shelf mud | 3 | 0.8 | 53 | 1 | 53 | 0.25 |
| Plymouth Sound & shelf, English Channel *#^^ | Carthew & Bosence 1986a, 1986b | 50 | shellgravels | 3 subareas | 2 | 11 | 4 | 44 | 0.6 |
| Sapleo Island, Georgia *# | Henderson & Frey 1986 | 31 | estuarine sand, shoreface channel & inner shelf | 3 | 1.5 | 8 | 1 | 8 | 0.25 |
| Amazon shelf, Brazil | Aller 1995, Aller & Stupakoff 1996, Aller pers comm | 0-4 | fluid muds, muddy sand, relictual shelly sand | 3 | 0.3 | 11 | 4 | 44 | 1 |
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| 21 study areas, not including the 11 Pacific North American marsh/creek study areas of MacDonald (1969) |
0-54°N range in latitude | |
85 facies-level datasets |
range 0.3-5 mm sieves |
1386 total stations |
Range 1-18 censuses per habitat (facies) |
1523 total samples |
1 season to 1.75 years of live data |
| | | | Repeated censuses permit 25 replicate single-census tests of some facies | = avg 16 stations sampled per facies (per census) | Repeated censuses permit 12 facies-level tests of pooling live data |
REFERENCES CITED:
Aller, J.Y., 1995. Molluscan death asssemblages on the Amazon Shelf: implication for physical and biological controls on benthic populations. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 118: 181-212.
Aller, J.Y., and I. Stupakoff, 1996. The distribution and seasonal characteristics of benthic communities on the Amazon shelf as indicators of physical processes. Continental Shelf Research 16: 717-751.
Aller, J.Y., unpub data (pers comm Dec 3-98): supplementary species-level live data for samples of Aller & Stupakoff 1996.
Antoli, V., and A. Garcia Cubas, 1985. Sistematica y ecologia de moluscos en las lagunas coasteras Carmen y Machona, Tabasco, Mexico. Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad nacional Autonoma de Mexico 12(1): 145-198.
Bosence, D. W. J., 1979a. Live and dead faunas from coralline algal gravels, Co. Galway, Eire. Palaeontology 22: 449-478.
Bosence, D. W. J., 1979b. Supplemental Publication No. SUP 14012 (1979), British Library, Boston Spa, Wetherby, Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ, U.K.
Calnan, T.R., 1980. Molluscan distribution in Copano Bay, Texas. University of Texas at Austin, Bureau Econonomic Geology, Report Investigations No. 103, 71 p.
Carthew, R., and D. Bosence, 1986a. Community preservation in Recent shell-gravels, English Channel. Palaeontology 29: 243-268.
Carthew, R., and D. Bosence, 1986b. Supplemental Publication No. SUP 14026 (1986), British Library.
Dörjes, J., 1971. Der Golf von Gaeta (Tyrrhensiches Meer). IV. Das Makrobenthos und seine küstenparallele Zonierung. Senckenbergiana maritima 3: 203-246.
Ekdale, A. A., 1972. Ecology and paleoecology of marine invertebrate communities in calcareous substrates, northeast Quintana Roo, Mexico. M.S. thesis, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 159 p.
Ekdale, A. A., 1977. Quantitative paleoecological aspects of modern marine mollusk distribution, northeast Yucatan coast, Mexico. in S. H. Frost, M. P. Weiss and J. B. Sauders, Editors. AAPG Studies in Geology. Volume 4, p. 195-207.
Flores-Andolais, F., A. Garcia-Cubas, and A. Toledano-Granados, 1988. Sistematica y algunos aspectos ecologicos de los moluscos de la Laguna de la Mancha, Veracruz, Mexico. Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad nacional Autonoma de Mexico 15(2): 235-258.
Galaviz-Solis, A., M. Gutierrez-Estrada, and A. Castro del Rio, 1987. Morfologia, sedimentos e hidrodinamica de las lagunas dos Bocas y Mecoacan, Tabasco, Mexico. Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad nacional Autonoma de Mexico 14(2): 109-124.
Garcia-Cubas, A., M. Reguero, and R. Elizarraras, 1992. Moluscos del sistema lagunar Chica-Grande, Veracruz, Mexico: sistematica y ecologia. Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad nacional Autonoma de Mexico 19(1): 1-121.
Henderson, S. W., and R. W. Frey, 1986. Taphonomic redistribution of mollusk shells in a tidal inlet channel, Sapelo Island, Georgia. Palaios 1: 3-16.
Hertweck, G., 1971. Der Golf von Gaeta (Tyrrhensiches Meer). V. Der Biofaziesbereiche in den Vorstrand- und Schelfsedimenten. Senckenbergiana maritima 3: 247-276.
Jackson, J.B.C., 1968. Neontological and paleontological study of the autecology and synecology of the molluscan fauna of Fleets Bay, Virginia. M.S. thesis, George Washington University, 111 p.
Johnson, R. G. ,1965. Pelecypod death assemblages in Tomales Bay, California. Journal of Paleontology 39: 80-85.
Johnson, R.G., unpublished data for 1959 sampling program in Tomales Bay. "Smith, E.H., no date. 1959 Samples, Tomales Bay, 1-59 and 2-59 Compiled Data. Univ of Pacific, Pacific Marine Station." Archived by Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences.
Juskevice, J.A., 1969. Interspecific correlation and association in benthic marine communities. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, Interdivisional Program in Paleozooology, 87 p.
Kidwell, S.M., in press (for 2001). Ecological fidelity of molluscan death assemblages. In Proceedings of the 1998 Belle Baruch Conference on Organism-Sediment Interactions, J.Y. Aller, S.A. Woodin, and R.C. Aller, Eds. (University of South Carolina Press).
Kidwell, S.M., and D.W.J. Bosence, 1991. Taphonomy and time-averaging of marine shelly faunas. In Taphonomy, P.A. Allison and D.e.G. Briggs, Eds. (Plenum Press, New York), p. 115-209.
MacDonald, K. B., 1969. Quantitative studies of salt marsh mollusc faunas from the North American Pacific Coast. Ecological Monographs 39: 33-60.
Miller, A.I., 1988. Spatial resolution in subfossil molluscan remains: implications for paleobiological analyses. Paleobiology 14: 91-103.
Miller, A.I., 1981. Gradients in nearshore marine mollsucan assemblages: Smuggler's Cove, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. M.S. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Dept of Geology, 156 p.
Peharda M., 2000. Bivalves (Mollusca, Bivalvia) in Malo Jezero on island of Mljet. M.Sc. thesis, University of Zagreb, Croatia. 87 pp.
Peterson, C.H., 1972. Species diversity, disturbance and time in the bivalve communities of some California lagoons. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California Santa Barbara, 230 pp.
Peterson, C.H., 1976. Relative abundance of living and dead molluscs in two California lagoons. Lethaia 9: 137-148.
Reguero Reza, M.M., 1994. Estructura de la comunidad de moluscos en lagunas costeras de Veracruz y Tabasco, Mexico. Tesis, Doctor en Ciencias (Biologia), Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 280 p.
Reguero, M., A. Garcia-Cubas, and G. Zuniga, 1991. Moluscos de la Laguna Tampamachoco, Veracruz, Mexico: sistematica y ecologia. Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad nacional Autonoma de Mexico 18(2): 289-328.
Reguero, M., and A. Garcia-Cubas, 1993 (1994). Moluscos del complejo lagunar Larga-Redonda-Mandinga, Veracruz, Mexico: sistematica y ecologia. Hidrobiologica (Revista del Departamento de Hidrobiologia, Univ. Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa) 3(1-2): 41-70.
Reineck, H.-E., J. Dörjes, S. Gadow, and G. Hertweck, 1971. Sedimentologie, Faunenzonierung und Faziesabfolge vor der Ostküste der inneren Deutschen Bucht. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 49: 261-309.
Reineck, H.-E., W. F. Gutmann, G. Hertweck, 1967. Das Schlickgebiet südlich Helgoland als Beispiel rezenter Schelfablagerungen. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 48: 219-275.
Staff, G. M., E. N. Powell, R. J. Stanton, Jr., and H. Cummins. 1985. Biomass: is it a useful tool in paleocommunity reconstruction? Lethaia 18: 209-232.
Staff, G. M., R. J. Stanton, Jr., E. N. Powell, and H. Cummins. 1986. Time averaging, taphonomy and their impact on paleeocommunity reconstruction: death assemblages in Texas bays. Geological Society America Bulletin 97: 428-443.
Tanabe, K., T. Fujiki, and T. Katsuta, 1986. Comparative analysis of living and death bivalve assemblages on the Kawarazu Shore, Ehime Prefecture, west Japan. Bulletin Japanese Association Benthology 30: 17-30. 1986.
Tanabe, K., pers. comm. 2001. Unpublished supplementary data on Kawarazu shore.
Warme, J. E., 1971. Paleoecological aspects of a modern coastal lagoon. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 87: 1-110.
Zenetos, A., 1980. Molluscan populations of the Eden estuary, Fife and the use of numerical taxonomy methods to determine their distribution patterns. M. Sc. thesis, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 110p.
Zenetos, A., 1990. Discrimination of autochthonous vs allochthonous assemblages in the Eden-Estuary, Fife, Scotland, UK. Estuarine Coast Shelf Science 30(5): 525-540.
Zenetos, A., 1991. Re-evaluation of numerical classification methods for delimiting biofacies and biotopes in an estuarine environment. Lethaia 24: 13-26.
Part II: Live-dead studies excluded from this analysis (arranged onshore to offshore). Reasons include one or more of the following: sieve size uncertain, live and dead taken from different sieve sizes, numerical abundance data not available, rare species omitted from species list, ambiguity whether live species are accompanied by dead shells, data not resolvable to facies-level, or other ambiguity in samples. Most of these can be incorporated in a larger and coarser analysis (in progress). * = dataset included in analysis of Kidwell & Bosence 1991. # = dataset included in analysis of Kidwell in press. + = dataset to be upgraded using unpublished data being made available by original authors.
| Supplemental Table 2. |
| Study material | Reason study excluded from present analysis |
| Study area | Author | Environments | Sieve size (mm) | Numerical abundance data not provided | Rare species omitted | Other factors |
| Essex cheneir plain, English North Sea | Antia 1977 | intertidal flat, cheniers | 1 | | Data for dominant live & dead spp only | |
| Solway Firth, western Scotland | Wilson 1965, 1967 | intertidal flat | 2 | | Data for dominant live & dead spp only | |
| Liverpool Bay, England *# | Lingwood 1976a & b | intertidal flat | 5 | Binary data for complete spp lists | Data for dominant live & dead spp only | |
| Cholla Bay, Sonora, northern Gulf of California *#+ | Fursich & Flessa 1991 | Marsh, intertidal flat, subtidal sand | 3 | | Data for dominant dead spp only | |
| Inchon, Yellow Sea, Korea *# | Frey et al. 1988 | intertidal flat | No info | | | |
| Matsukawa, Japan | Kotaka et al. 1955 | intertidal lagoon & baymouth | No info | Semi-quantitative abundance data | | |
| Hamana Lake, Japan | Tsuchi 1957 | brackish mud to sand | No info | | | |
| Hakata Bay, Japan | Shimoyama & Hamano 1988 | eutrophic muds to sand | 2 | | Data for dominant live & dead spp only | |
| Ria de Arosa, Atlantic Spain *# | Cadée 1968 | estuarine sands, muds; shelf relictual shell gravel | 2 | Sample-occurrence data | | unclear where live are accompanied by dead |
| Rhone delta, French Mediterranean | van Straaten 1960 | lagoon, beach, shelf | 2.5 mm | | | live & dead never discriminated |
| Florida Bay, eastern Gulf of Mexico *# | Turney & Perkins 1972 | brackish to marine salinity muds, shelly banks | 1 | Binary live data, semi-quantitative dead data | | |
| Louisiana shelf, Gulf of Mexico | Boyer 1970 | Shelf muds, relict sediments | No info | Semi-quantitative data | | |
| Louisiana-Texas shelf & bays, Gulf of Mexico | Parker 1956, 1959, 1960 | Brackish, hypersaline & normal marine muds, sands, shell gravels | No info | Qualitative information | Data for dominant live & dead spp only | Live & dead not discriminated |
| Texas shelf & bays, northern Gulf of Mexico | Ladd et al. 1957 | Brackish, hypersaline & normal marine muds, sands, shell gravels | No info | Semi-quantative live data, binary dead data | | unclear where live are accompanied by dead |
| Texas shelf & bays, northern Gulf of Mexico + | White et al. 1983, 1985 | Brackish & normal marine muds, sands, shell gravels | 1 | | | Data summarized for entire bays & shelf area, not by facies |
| Mesquite Bay, Texas | Haas 1980 | Brackish and normal marine muds, sands, shell gravels | Uncertain | | | Live and dead data combined, also pooled with data from White et al. 1983 |
| Laguna Madre, Texas | Smith 1985 | Sand, shell gravel, muds | Uncertain, < 3 mm | | | Ambiguous registration of data in columns of data appendix |
| Laguna Madre, Texas | Staff et al. 1985, 1986 | Sand | 0.5 | | | Spindle plots of abundance must be digitized |
| Caribbean lagoons, Tabasco & Veracruz, Mexico+ | Reguero 1994 | 5 additional polyhaline-oligohaline study areas | 1.5 | | | Uncertainty on sample occurrence by facies |
| Nayarit shelf, Pacific Mexico + | Reguero & Garcia-Cubas 1989 | Sand, silty sand, mud | 1.5? | | | Data pooled for entire study area (3 facies) |
| Mevagissey Bay, Cornwall, English Channel * | Knight 1988 | Marine bight formerly receiving clay waste | 2 | | | Sample-level data not available; recent anthropogenic change in sediment regime |
| Liverpool Bay, England # | Lingwood 1976a & b, Eagle 1973 | subtidal sand & mud | 5 mm dead, 1 mm live | | | |
| Canso Strait, Nova Scotia * | Wagner 1975 | Rock-rimmed bight; no grain size data | Uncertain, <5 mm | Sample-occurrence data | | |
| Dutch coast, North Sea | Eisma 1966, 1968 | Shoreface sands, gravelly sands, muddy sands | 1 | Sample-occurrence data | Data for dominant dead spp only | Data summarized for entire area, not by facies |
| Oyster Ground, Dutch North Sea *# | Cadée 1984 | shoreface sand, muddy sand | 1 | | Data for dominant live & dead spp only | |
| Plymouth shelf, English Channel | Allen 1899 | Sand, shell gravel | No info | Semi-quantitative live data, binary dead data | Dead spp list appears to be incomplete | |
| Dogger Bank, southern North Sea | Davis 1923, 1925 | Sand, shell gravel | 1.5 | Semi-quantitative live data, binary dead data | | Station-level live data, but dead summed over entire Bank |
| Cyclades Plateau, Aegean Sea | Zenetos et al. 1991, unpubl. data | Mud to coralligenous shelf facies | 1 | Binary dead data | | |
| Rhodes Island, Aegean Sea | Zenetos & van Aartsen 1994; Pancucci-Papadopoulou et al. 1999 | silty sand & coaralligenous shelf facies | 1 | | | data pooled across all facies |
| Texas shelf, northern Gulf of Mexico #+ | Staff & Powell 1999 | muddy sand | 1 | | Data for dominant live & dead spp only | Data from all censuses pooled |
| Gulf of California, Mexico * | Parker 1963 | intertidal to abyss | 1 | Binary data | | unclear where live are accompanied by dead |
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Staff, G. M., R. J. Stanton Jr., E. N. Powell, and H. Cummins, 1986. Time averaging, taphonomy and their impact on paleeocommunity reconstruction: death assemblages in Texas bays. Geological Society America Bulletin 97: 428-443.
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