Russia's economic woes are threatening to derail three more high-profile space science projects. Just a month ago, the United States moved to save the international space station by launching what could end up being a billion-dollar bailout of its ailing Russian partners. Now it is the European Space Agency (ESA) that must ponder how to pay for planned missions if Russia proves unable to provide promised Proton launch vehicles and other support.
The threatened missions are Mars Express, which would map the Red Planet and hunt for water beginning in 2003; Integral, an x-ray observer scheduled for a 2001 launch; and Spectrum-X-Gamma, a long-delayed astronomy platform now slated for launch in 2001.