This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 22 February 2008: 1005.
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Editorial:
Confidential Review--or Not?

Donald Kennedy
Science 22 February 2008: 1009.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 22 February 2008: 1011.
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Science Podcast

Science 22 February 2008: 1118.
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NEW PRODUCTS

Science 22 February 2008: 1118.
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News of the Week

GENETICS: Once Shunned, Test for Alzheimer's Risk Headed to Market

Jennifer Couzin
Science 22 February 2008: 1022-1023.
Summary: A Pennsylvania company is preparing to market a genetic test that will tell healthy people whether they are at risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease. It is getting a mixed response from researchers. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

U.S. BUDGET: House Panel Berates Science Adviser on 2009 'Shortfall'

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 22 February 2008: 1023.
Summary: Last week, both Democratic and Republican members of the House Committee on Science and Technology complained in one voice that President George W. Bush has fallen short on his promise to bolster U.S. innovation in his 2009 budget request.

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SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING: Harvard Faculty Votes to Make Open Access Its Default Mode

Andrew Lawler
Science 22 February 2008: 1025.
Summary: Harvard University has jumped into the contentious debate on open-access publishing with a plan to make research papers freely accessible online.

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ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH: Lawmakers Claim Great Lakes Report Was 'Suppressed'

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 22 February 2008: 1026.
Summary: House Science Committee Democrats are charging that federal officials have suppressed a report on potential health threats from pollution in the Great Lakes and that officials at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may have punished a career federal scientist who oversaw it.

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AIDS RESEARCH: Microbicide Fails to Protect Against HIV

Jon Cohen
Science 22 February 2008: 1026-1027.
Summary: HIV prevention research suffered another setback this week with the failure of the largest trial yet of a microbicide used by women to prevent sexual transmission of the virus.

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SPECIES CONSERVATION: Tigers in Decline, Indian Survey Finds

Pallava Bagla
Science 22 February 2008: 1027.
Summary: The use of new sampling techniques has cut by half the estimated number of wild tigers in India. A new report this week from the Indian government puts the number at 1411, compared with 3642 in 2002.

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AAAS ANNUAL MEETING: How Human Intelligence Evolved--Is It Science or 'Paleofantasy'?

Michael Balter
Science 22 February 2008: 1028.
Summary: BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS--At the AAAS annual meeting here from February 14 to 18, a panel of top researchers discussed what, if anything, scientists have learned about the evolution of human intelligence.

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AAAS ANNUAL MEETING: Tracking and Tackling Deprivation's Toll

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 22 February 2008: 1028-1029.
Summary: BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS--At the AAAS annual meeting here from February 14 to 18, psychologists presented a new study aimed at showing how poverty affects children's memory and language skills, and others suggested a partial remedy.

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AAAS ANNUAL MEETING: OCEAN CO₂ STUDIES LOOK BEYOND CORAL

Eli Kintisch and Erik Stokstad
Science 22 February 2008: 1029.
Summary: BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS--At the AAAS annual meeting here from February 14 to 18, scientists discussed new work gauging how marine life will fare as rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere make oceans more acidic.

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ScienceScope

Science 22 February 2008: 1025.
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Random Samples

Science 22 February 2008: 1019.
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Newsmakers

Science 22 February 2008: 1021.
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News Focus

EDUCATION: A New Bottom Line For School Science

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 22 February 2008: 1030-1033.
Summary: Companies are pursuing an array of projects that they hope will improve math and science education in U.S. schools. Can such corporate philanthropy succeed?

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EDUCATION: From an Idea to a School

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 22 February 2008: 1031.
Summary: Motorola is funding a charter school in Chicago that is expected to be a test bed for university-based work on delivering STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education in an urban setting.

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EDUCATION: Money Doesn't Always Talk

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 22 February 2008: 1032.
Summary: Companies are eager to describe their philanthropic efforts to improve math and science education, but Science found that they can be less forthcoming about the details.

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EVOLUTION: Crossing the Divide

Jennifer Couzin
Science 22 February 2008: 1034-1036.
Summary: Like others who have rejected creationism and embraced evolution, paleontologist Stephen Godfrey is still recovering from the traumatic journey.

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GEOLOGY: Japan's Ocean Drilling Vessel Debuts to Rave Reviews

Dennis Normile
Science 22 February 2008: 1037.
Summary: Early finds from Chikyu’s first scientific voyage hint at a coming treasure trove of data on the generation of earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geological phenomena.

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Letters

This Week's Letters

Science 22 February 2008: 1039.
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 The Legitimacy of Genetic Ancestry Tests

Tony Frudakis;, Deborah A. Bolnick, Duana Fullwiley, Jonathan Marks, Susan M. Reverby, Jonathan Kahn, Kimberly Tallbear, Jenny Reardon, Richard S. Cooper, Troy Duster, Joan H. Fujimura, Jay S. Kaufman, Ann Morning, Alondra Nelson, and Pilar Ossorio
Science 22 February 2008: 1039-1040.
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 Soil Erosion: A Carbon Sink or Source?

Rattan Lal, David Pimentel, Kristof Van Oost;, Johan Six, Gerard Govers, Tim Quine, and S. De Gryze
Science 22 February 2008: 1040-1042.
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 CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS

Science 22 February 2008: 1042.
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Books et al.

BIOMEDICINE: The Fires of Aging

Donna J. Holmes
Science 22 February 2008: 1044-1045.
Summary: Drawing on findings from a wide range of disciplines, the author identifies reduced levels of inflammation as a crucial factor in the recent increase in human life-spans. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PHILOSOPHY: Finding Freedom Through Complexity

Todd Stuart Ganson
Science 22 February 2008: 1045.
Summary: Murphy and Brown present a case for a "nonreductive version of physicalism whereby humans are (sometimes) the authors of their own thoughts and actions." Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 22 February 2008: 1045.
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Policy Forum

ECONOMICS: The Demography of Educational Attainment and Economic Growth

Wolfgang Lutz, Jesus Crespo Cuaresma, and Warren Sanderson
Science 22 February 2008: 1047-1048.
Summary: Complementing primary education with secondary education in broad segments of the population is likely to give a strong boost to economic growth. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Perspectives

CANCER: A Skin Cancer Virus?

Raphael P. Viscidi and Keerti V. Shah
Science 22 February 2008: 1049-1050.
Summary: High-throughput DNA sequencing has identified a new human virus in a rare but aggressive form of skin cancer. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MATERIALS SCIENCE: The Cutting Edge of Plasma Etching

Thorsten Lill and Olivier Joubert
Science 22 February 2008: 1050-1051.
Summary: Better etching methods for creating more finely structured microcircuits will require close attention to basic plasma physics and surface chemistry. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MATERIALS SCIENCE: How to Move an Atom

Oscar Custance and Seizo Morita
Science 22 February 2008: 1051-1052.
Summary: An instrument that combines the strengths of AFM and STM allows determination of the forces required to move a single atom on a surface. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ECONOMICS: Learning with Regret

Michael D. Cohen
Science 22 February 2008: 1052-1053.
Summary: Choices in economic games are predicted better by models that look back at what might have been, instead of looking forward to maximum gain. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MATERIALS SCIENCE: Bioinspired Structural Materials

Christine Ortiz and Mary C. Boyce
Science 22 February 2008: 1053-1054.
Summary: Materials scientists are seeking to create synthetic materials based on the mechanical design principles found in biological materials such as seashell nacre. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

RETROSPECTIVE: Judah Folkman (1933-2008)

Douglas Hanahan and Robert A. Weinberg
Science 22 February 2008: 1055.
Summary: An innovative and inspirational pioneer in the field of angiogenesis research and its medical applications is remembered. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Review

Nuclear Coupling and Polarization in Molecular Transport Junctions: Beyond Tunneling to Function

Michael Galperin, Mark A. Ratner, Abraham Nitzan, and Alessandro Troisi
Science 22 February 2008: 1056-1060.
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Brevia

Juvenile Hormone Regulates Butterfly Larval Pattern Switches

Ryo Futahashi and Haruhiko Fujiwara
Science 22 February 2008: 1061.
In swallowtail butterflies, a hormone regulates a dramatic developmental shift as the young caterpillars, which mimic bird droppings, grow into the green cryptic larva. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

A Photon Turnstile Dynamically Regulated by One Atom

Barak Dayan, A. S. Parkins, Takao Aoki, E. P. Ostby, K. J. Vahala, and H. J. Kimble
Science 22 February 2008: 1062-1065.
A single atom interacting with an optical microresonator can convert an influx of photons into a regular output of single photons. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Force Needed to Move an Atom on a Surface

Markus Ternes, Christopher P. Lutz, Cyrus F. Hirjibehedin, Franz J. Giessibl, and Andreas J. Heinrich
Science 22 February 2008: 1066-1069.
An atomic force microscope can be tuned to measure the lateral and vertical forces required to move atoms or molecules on a surface, thus probing the bond strengths. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Bioinspired Design and Assembly of Platelet Reinforced Polymer Films

Lorenz J. Bonderer, André R. Studart, and Ludwig J. Gauckler
Science 22 February 2008: 1069-1073.
In a design borrowed from biomaterials, ceramic plates less than 1 millimeter thick are sequentially deposited between flexible organic layers to yield strong, flexible films. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Atomic-Scale Chemical Imaging of Composition and Bonding by Aberration-Corrected Microscopy

D. A. Muller, L. Fitting Kourkoutis, M. Murfitt, J. H. Song, H. Y. Hwang, J. Silcox, N. Dellby, and O. L. Krivanek
Science 22 February 2008: 1073-1076.
Correcting electron optical aberrations to fifth order increases the beam current of an electron microscope enough for atomic-scale mapping of chemical species and bonds. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Extending Earthquakes' Reach Through Cascading

David Marsan and Olivier Lengliné
Science 22 February 2008: 1076-1079.
A model of earthquake connectivity implies that small quakes may collectively trigger more quakes than larger ones and that cascades of triggered quakes are common. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Human-Induced Changes in the Hydrology of the Western United States

Tim P. Barnett, David W. Pierce, Hugo G. Hidalgo, Celine Bonfils, Benjamin D. Santer, Tapash Das, Govindasamy Bala, Andrew W. Wood, Toru Nozawa, Arthur A. Mirin, Daniel R. Cayan, and Michael D. Dettinger
Science 22 February 2008: 1080-1083.
Published online 31 January 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1152538] (in Science Express Reports)
Combining a regional hydrologic and global climate model implies that human-caused CO₂ emissions have already greatly changed river flows and snow pack in the western United States. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Atomic-Level Models of the Bacterial Carboxysome Shell

Shiho Tanaka, Cheryl A. Kerfeld, Michael R. Sawaya, Fei Cai, Sabine Heinhorst, Gordon C. Cannon, and Todd O. Yeates
Science 22 February 2008: 1083-1086.
Pentameric proteins around the carboxysome, an organelle involved in carbon fixation, fit together with hexagonally packed proteins to form the organelle’s icosahedral shell. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Differential Regulation of Dynein and Kinesin Motor Proteins by Tau

Ram Dixit, Jennifer L. Ross, Yale E. Goldman, and Erika L. F. Holzbaur
Science 22 February 2008: 1086-1089.
Published online 17 January 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1152993] (in Science Express Reports)
When molecular motors move along microtubules, they encounter the bound protein tau; the dynein motor then reverses direction, whereas the kinesin motor detaches. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

NADP Regulates the Yeast GAL Induction System

P. Rajesh Kumar, Yao Yu, Rolf Sternglanz, Stephen Albert Johnston, and Leemor Joshua-Tor
Science 22 February 2008: 1090-1092.
The structure of a repressor-activator complex for galactose metabolism shows that its assembly is controlled by the ratio of two cofactors that reflect the cell’s metabolism. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Shared Docking Motif in TRF1 and TRF2 Used for Differential Recruitment of Telomeric Proteins

Yong Chen, Yuting Yang, Megan van Overbeek, Jill R. Donigian, Paul Baciu, Titia de Lange, and Ming Lei
Science 22 February 2008: 1092-1096.
Published online 17 January 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1151804] (in Science Express Reports)
Two similar members of the protein complex that protects the free ends of chromosomes have distinct binding sites for other complex members and accessory proteins. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Clonal Integration of a Polyomavirus in Human Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Huichen Feng, Masahiro Shuda, Yuan Chang, and Patrick S. Moore
Science 22 February 2008: 1096-1100.
Published online 17 January 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1152586] (in Science Express Reports)
A rare, but highly aggressive, form of human skin cancer may be caused by a previously uncharacterized human polyomavirus. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation

Jun Z. Li, Devin M. Absher, Hua Tang, Audrey M. Southwick, Amanda M. Casto, Sohini Ramachandran, Howard M. Cann, Gregory S. Barsh, Marcus Feldman, Luigi L. Cavalli-Sforza, and Richard M. Myers
Science 22 February 2008: 1100-1104.
Analysis of variation in 51 human populations reveals details of European subpopulations and confirms that humans formed a chain of colonies as they radiated out from Africa. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Spine-Type-Specific Recruitment of Newly Synthesized AMPA Receptors with Learning

Naoki Matsuo, Leon Reijmers, and Mark Mayford
Science 22 February 2008: 1104-1107.
Mushroom-shaped synaptic spines activated during learning preferentially capture newly synthesized glutamate receptors, which may contribute to memory storage. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Rapid Neural Coding in the Retina with Relative Spike Latencies

Tim Gollisch and Markus Meister
Science 22 February 2008: 1108-1111.
In salamanders, ganglion cells, which project from the retina to the brain, use the relative timing of single spikes in each cell to quickly encode a visual scene. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Predicting Human Interactive Learning by Regret-Driven Neural Networks

Davide Marchiori and Massimo Warglien
Science 22 February 2008: 1111-1113.
An unexpectedly simple neural network model that includes feedback driven by regret predicts human behavior in strategic games and outperforms existing models of learning. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "International Conservation Policy Delivers Benefits for Birds in Europe"

Rolando Rodríguez-Muñoz, Alfredo F. Ojanguren, and Tom Tregenza
Science 22 February 2008: 1042.
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Response to Comment on "International Conservation Policy Delivers Benefits for Birds in Europe"

Paul F. Donald, Fiona J. Sanderson, Ian J. Burfield, Stijn M. Bierman, Richard D. Gregory, and Zoltan Waliczky
Science 22 February 2008: 1042.
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