This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 10 July 2009: 125.
|Full Text »

Editorial:
Science in the Future of India

C. N. R. Rao
Science 10 July 2009: 126.
Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 10 July 2009: 127.
|Full Text »

Science Podcast

Science 10 July 2009: 219.
The show includes swine as a host for Reston ebolavirus, the art and science of hominin reconstruction, nuclear-waste management in the U.S., and more. Summary »|   Full Text »|   Transcript »|  

New Products

Science 10 July 2009: 219.
A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

News of the Week

Energy
DOE's Push to Train a New Generation Falters in House

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 10 July 2009: 130-131.
Secretary of Energy Steven Chu has proposed a 10-year, $1.7 billion education program called RE-ENERGYSE to help the United States find the talent to fuel its clean-energy economy. But Congress may prefer to wait until next year. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Biomedical Research
Researchers Generally Happy With Final Stem Cell Rules

Constance Holden
Science 10 July 2009: 131.
The final guidelines on research with human embryonic stem cells issued on Monday by the National Institutes of Health set out criteria for determining which ES cell lines can be used in federally funded experiments and give NIH discretion to approve old lines that don't meet stringent modern ethical requirements. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Opinion Polls
An Inside/Outside View of U.S. Science

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 10 July 2009: 132-133.
Three surveys conducted this spring by the Pew Research Center offer some fresh insights into what both the U.S. public and scientists think about science and its impact on society. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceNOW.org
From Science's Online Daily News Site

Science 10 July 2009: 133.
Highlights from Science's online daily news site, ScienceNOW, this week include a way to guess a person's Social Security number, a fossil that may replace Ida as the "missing link," an average black hole, and a fossil that shows how the piranha got its teeth. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Newsmaker Interview
Hughes's Tjian Holds to a ‘Global’ Standard of Merit

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 10 July 2009: 134.
Biochemist Robert Tjian, 59, took the helm of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in April at a challenging time, after its endowment, which had stood at $17.5 billion last August, had been battered by the economic recession. On 25 June, Tjian spoke with Science; his comments have been edited for brevity and clarity. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Scientific Community
Resignations Highlight Disagreement On Vaccines in Autism Group

Erik Stokstad
Science 10 July 2009: 135.
A prominent member of the science advisory board for Autism Speaks, the largest private funder of autism research, resigned last week citing his disagreement with efforts to study vaccines as a possible cause of autism. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceInsider
From the Science Policy Blog

Science 10 July 2009: 135.
ScienceInsider this week reported on a third case of oseltamivir-resistant swine flu, "systemic work-force management problems" at the National Science Foundation, and a $50 million plan to bolster research capacity in Africa, among other stories. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Random Samples

Science 10 July 2009: 129.
|Full Text »

News Focus

Paleoanthropology
Bringing Hominins Back to Life

Michael Balter
Science 10 July 2009: 136-139.
To reconstruct our ancestors, paleoartists weave art and science together in a sometimes uneasy marriage. The result is lifelike models that influence how both researchers and the public view ancient humans. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

Paleoanthropology
Evolving Artists

Michael Balter
Science 10 July 2009: 139.
Judging from the successful few whose work shapes our ideas of ancient humans (see main text), there's no standard career path, but hefty doses of both artistic talent and scientific knowledge are essential to become a paleoartist. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Pandemic Influenza
Straight From the Pig's Mouth: Swine Research With Swine Influenzas

Jon Cohen
Science 10 July 2009: 140-141.
If the novel H1N1 virus behaves like its ancestors, humans may have a rough road ahead, especially if it takes hold on hog farms. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Genetics
Genomic Clues to DNA Treasure Sometimes Lead Nowhere

Don Monroe
Science 10 July 2009: 142-143.
Geneticists used to think that important DNA sequences always reject mutations. Now they are not so sure what sequence conservation really means. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Immunology
Take-Charge B Cells Create a Buzz

Mitch Leslie
Science 10 July 2009: 144-145.
Long regarded as the source of antibodies, B cells are gaining new respect because some appear to fine-tune the overall immune response. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 Saving African Lions

Andrew Conolly
Science 10 July 2009: 146.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 A Standardized Response to Biological Invasions

Irfan Rashid, Gyan Prakash Sharma, Karen J. Esler, Zafar A. Reshi, Anzar A. Khuroo, and Annie Simpson
Science 10 July 2009: 146.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Response—A Standardized Response to Biological Invasions

Philip E. Hulme, Wolfgang Nentwig, Petr Pysek, and Montserrat Vilà
Science 10 July 2009: 146-147.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Neuroscientists Need Neuroethics Teaching

Barbara J. Sahakian and Sharon Morein-Zamir
Science 10 July 2009: 147.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 10 July 2009: 147.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books et al.

History of Science
Babylon, Newton, and All That

Michael D. Gordin
Science 10 July 2009: 149.
In this accessible history, Fara surveys the practice of science from ancient Babylon through current projects in genomics and particle physics. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Agriculture
Tofu Was Just a Start

Michael A. Grusak
Science 10 July 2009: 150.
The contributors explore the range of foods made from soybean and the other ways soy products enter our meals, highlighting how important these foods are and how important they may become. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 10 July 2009: 150.
A listing of books received at Science during the week ended 03 July 2009. Summary »|  

Policy Forum

Energy
Nuclear Waste Management in the United States—Starting Over

Rodney C. Ewing and Frank N. von Hippel
Science 10 July 2009: 151-152.
The debate has begun again over the disposition of nuclear fuel and waste. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

Perspectives

Atmosphere
Smoke and Climate Change

Johannes Quaas
Science 10 July 2009: 153-154.
Since preindustrial times, increasing soot concentrations have strongly reduced cooling by anthropogenic aerosols. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Evolution
How Did the Turtle Get Its Shell?

Olivier Rieppel
Science 10 July 2009: 154-155.
Details of embryonic skeletal and muscular organization provide evidence for the evolution of the turtle shell. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Astronomy
Sunspot Flows and Filaments

Göran Scharmer
Science 10 July 2009: 155-156.
Numerical simulations capture the detailed structure and dynamics of sunspots. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Materials Science
Predicting Fatigue Failures

Jamie J. Kruzic
Science 10 July 2009: 156-158.
New methods for predicting fatigue may extend the usefulness of materials that actively resist cracking. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Cell Biology
Sizing Up the Cell

Bruce A. Edgar and Kerry J. Kim
Science 10 July 2009: 158-159.
Control over cell division depends on coordinately functioning sensors of cell size and age. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Materials Science
Oriented Assembly of Metamaterials

Kathleen J. Stebe, Eric Lewandowski, and Moniraj Ghosh
Science 10 July 2009: 159-160.
The creation of complex materials may be aided by advanced colloidal assembly methods involving anisotropically shaped particles. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Review

Drug Discovery and Natural Products: End of an Era or an Endless Frontier?

Jesse W.-H. Li and John C. Vederas
Science 10 July 2009: 161-165.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Brevia

Traction on Immobilized Netrin-1 Is Sufficient to Reorient Axons

Simon W. Moore, Nicolas Biais, and Michael P. Sheetz
Science 10 July 2009: 166.
Advancing spinal neuron growth cones generate traction forces that can direct the trajectory of the axon. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Article

Cell Growth and Size Homeostasis in Proliferating Animal Cells

Amit Tzur, Ran Kafri, Valerie S. LeBleu, Galit Lahav, and Marc W. Kirschner
Science 10 July 2009: 167-171.
Lymphoblasts grow slowly after mitosis, then reach a constant exponential rate, indicating an active size-control mechanism. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Penumbral Structure and Outflows in Simulated Sunspots

M. Rempel, M. Schüssler, R. H. Cameron, and M. Knölker
Science 10 July 2009: 171-174.
Published online 18 June 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1173798] (in Science Express Reports)
Simulations of sunspots show that their structure and outflows can be understood in terms of convection in a magnetic field. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Quantum Walk in Position Space with Single Optically Trapped Atoms

Michal Karski, Leonid Förster, Jai-Min Choi, Andreas Steffen, Wolfgang Alt, Dieter Meschede, and Artur Widera
Science 10 July 2009: 174-177.
A single cesium atom trapped in an optical lattice is used to illustrate a quantum walk. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Experimental Realization of a Three-Dimensional Topological Insulator, Bi₂Te₃

Y. L. Chen, J. G. Analytis, J.-H. Chu, Z. K. Liu, S.-K. Mo, X. L. Qi, H. J. Zhang, D. H. Lu, X. Dai, Z. Fang, S. C. Zhang, I. R. Fisher, Z. Hussain, and Z.-X. Shen
Science 10 July 2009: 178-181.
Published online 11 June 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1173034] (in Science Express Reports)
Bi₂Te₃ is identified as a three-dimensional topological insulator with a single metallic surface state. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Dynamics of Chemical Bonding Mapped by Energy-Resolved 4D Electron Microscopy

Fabrizio Carbone, Oh-Hoon Kwon, and Ahmed H. Zewail
Science 10 July 2009: 181-184.
Femtosecond tracking of an electron probe beam reveals correlated electronic and nuclear motion in laser-heated graphite. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Manganese- and Iron-Dependent Marine Methane Oxidation

Emily J. Beal, Christopher H. House, and Victoria J. Orphan
Science 10 July 2009: 184-187.
Methane oxidation in marine sediments can also be driven by electron acceptors like iron or manganese, not only by sulfate. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Consistency Between Satellite-Derived and Modeled Estimates of the Direct Aerosol Effect

Gunnar Myhre
Science 10 July 2009: 187-190.
Published online 18 June 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1174461] (in Science Express Reports)
Observational data and modeling narrows the large range of uncertainty about how much aerosols influence climate. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  Podcast Interview »|  

Nonvolcanic Tremor Evolution and the San Simeon and Parkfield, California, Earthquakes

Robert M. Nadeau and Aurélie Guilhem
Science 10 July 2009: 191-193.
Small repeating earthquakes increased and have become periodic on the San Andreas fault near one end of a major historic rupture. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Evolution of the Turtle Body Plan by the Folding and Creation of New Muscle Connections

Hiroshi Nagashima, Fumiaki Sugahara, Masaki Takechi, Rolf Ericsson, Yoshie Kawashima-Ohya, Yuichi Narita, and Shigeru Kuratani
Science 10 July 2009: 193-196.
The turtle body plan, unique among amniotes, is based on the folding of an ancestral pattern during embryogenesis. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Antigenic and Genetic Characteristics of Swine-Origin 2009 A(H1N1) Influenza Viruses Circulating in Humans

Rebecca J. Garten, C. Todd Davis, Colin A. Russell, Bo Shu, Stephen Lindstrom, Amanda Balish, Wendy M. Sessions, Xiyan Xu, Eugene Skepner, Varough Deyde, Margaret Okomo-Adhiambo, Larisa Gubareva, John Barnes, Catherine B. Smith, Shannon L. Emery, Michael J. Hillman, Pierre Rivailler, James Smagala, Miranda de Graaf, David F. Burke, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Claudia Pappas, Celia M. Alpuche-Aranda, Hugo López-Gatell, Hiram Olivera, Irma López, Christopher A. Myers, Dennis Faix, Patrick J. Blair, Cindy Yu, Kimberly M. Keene, P. David Dotson, Jr., David Boxrud, Anthony R. Sambol, Syed H. Abid, Kirsten St. George, Tammy Bannerman, Amanda L. Moore, David J. Stringer, Patricia Blevins, Gail J. Demmler-Harrison, Michele Ginsberg, Paula Kriner, Steve Waterman, Sandra Smole, Hugo F. Guevara, Edward A. Belongia, Patricia A. Clark, Sara T. Beatrice, Ruben Donis, Jacqueline Katz, Lyn Finelli, Carolyn B. Bridges, Michael Shaw, Daniel B. Jernigan, Timothy M. Uyeki, Derek J. Smith, Alexander I. Klimov, and Nancy J. Cox
Science 10 July 2009: 197-201.
Published online 22 May 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1176225] (in Science Express Reports)
Evolutionary analysis suggests a triple reassortant avian-to-pig origin for the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) outbreak. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Caloric Restriction Delays Disease Onset and Mortality in Rhesus Monkeys

Ricki J. Colman, Rozalyn M. Anderson, Sterling C. Johnson, Erik K. Kastman, Kristopher J. Kosmatka, T. Mark Beasley, David B. Allison, Christina Cruzen, Heather A. Simmons, Joseph W. Kemnitz, and Richard Weindruch
Science 10 July 2009: 201-204.
Age-associated death and onset of pathologies are delayed by controlled caloric restriction, thus prolonging life span. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Discovery of Swine as a Host for the Reston ebolavirus

Roger W. Barrette, Samia A. Metwally, Jessica M. Rowland, Lizhe Xu, Sherif R. Zaki, Stuart T. Nichol, Pierre E. Rollin, Jonathan S. Towner, Wun-Ju Shieh, Brigid Batten, Tara K. Sealy, Consuelo Carrillo, Karen E. Moran, Alexa J. Bracht, Gregory A. Mayr, Magdalena Sirios-Cruz, Davinio P. Catbagan, Elizabeth A. Lautner, Thomas G. Ksiazek, William R. White, and Michael T. McIntosh
Science 10 July 2009: 204-206.
Respiratory infections in pigs in the Philippines are associated with a cocktail of viruses, including a monkeys filovirus. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  Podcast Interview »|  

Induction of Synaptic Long-Term Potentiation After Opioid Withdrawal

Ruth Drdla, Matthias Gassner, Ewald Gingl, and Jürgen Sandkühler
Science 10 July 2009: 207-210.
Withdrawal from opioids in rats induces an increase in synaptic strength in pain pathways and thereby enhances pain sensitivity. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Functional Role for Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Spatial Pattern Separation

C. D. Clelland, M. Choi, C. Romberg, G. D. Clemenson, Jr., A. Fragniere, P. Tyers, S. Jessberger, L. M. Saksida, R. A. Barker, F. H. Gage, and T. J. Bussey
Science 10 July 2009: 210-213.
Disruption of neurogenesis in a neuron-forming site in the brain impairs spatial memory functions in mice. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

IRAP Identifies an Endosomal Compartment Required for MHC Class I Cross-Presentation

Loredana Saveanu, Oliver Carroll, Mirjana Weimershaus, Pierre Guermonprez, Elke Firat, Vivian Lindo, Fiona Greer, Jean Davoust, Roland Kratzer, Susanna R. Keller, Gabriele Niedermann, and Peter van Endert
Science 10 July 2009: 213-217.
Published online 4 June 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1172845] (in Science Express Reports)
Immunological dendritic cells contain an endocytic compartment involved in the cross-presentation of internalized antigens. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Hematopoietic Cytokines Can Instruct Lineage Choice

Michael A. Rieger, Philipp S. Hoppe, Benjamin M. Smejkal, Andrea C. Eitelhuber, and Timm Schroeder
Science 10 July 2009: 217-218.
Single-cell tracking proves that physiological cytokines determine the developmental fate of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "DNA from Pre-Clovis Human Coprolites in Oregon, North America"

Hendrik Poinar, Stuart Fiedel, Christine E. King, Alison M. Devault, Kirsti Bos, Melanie Kuch, and Regis Debruyne
Science 10 July 2009: 148.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Response to Comment by Poinar et al. on "DNA from Pre-Clovis Human Coprolites in Oregon, North America"

M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Dennis L. Jenkins, Thomas F. G. Higham, Morten Rasmussen, Helena Malmström, Emma M. Svensson, Juan J. Sanchez, Linda Scott Cummings, Robert M. Yohe, II, Michael Hofreiter, Anders Götherström, and Eske Willerslev
Science 10 July 2009: 148.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Comment on "DNA from Pre-Clovis Human Coprolites in Oregon, North America"

Paul Goldberg, Francesco Berna, and Richard I. Macphail
Science 10 July 2009: 148.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Response to Comment by Goldberg et al. on "DNA from Pre-Clovis Human Coprolites in Oregon, North America"

Morten Rasmussen, Linda Scott Cummings, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Vaughn Bryant, Colin Smith, Dennis L. Jenkins, and Eske Willerslev
Science 10 July 2009: 148.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|