This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 3 September 2010: 1125.
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Editorial:
China's Research Culture

Yigong Shi and Yi Rao
Science 3 September 2010: 1128.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 3 September 2010: 1129.
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Science Podcast

Science 3 September 2010: 1219.
The show includes how social network structure affects the spread of behavior, challenging the mammoth-killer impact hypothesis, your letters to Science, and more. Summary »|   Full Text »|   Transcript »|  

New Products

Science 3 September 2010: 1219.
A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

News of the Week

Embryonic Stem Cells
Controversial Ruling Throws U.S. Research Into a Tailspin

Jocelyn Kaiser and Gretchen Vogel
Science 3 September 2010: 1132-1133.
A U.S. judge's surprise decision last week to block government funding of human embryonic stem cell research has left scientists across the country confused, upset, and angry. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Climate Change
Panel Faults IPCC Leadership But Praises Its Conclusions

Eli Kintisch
Science 3 September 2010: 1135.
A new independent review of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says the increased public scrutiny IPCC is facing and the growing importance of its work mean that it must do better than it's been doing. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Antarctica
In Ground-Based Astronomy's Final Frontier, China Aims for New Heights

Richard Stone
Science 3 September 2010: 1136.
At a workshop last month, astronomers unveiled plans to build two major telescopes at Dome A on the East Antarctic icecap during the Chinese government's next 5-year plan, to start in 2011. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceNOW.org
From Science's Online Daily News Site

Science 3 September 2010: 1137.
ScienceNOW reported this week on the first feast, the world's smallest refrigerator, the backfiring of "hunting for conservation," and a pea-sized frog, among other stories. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Energy Innovation
Novel Grant Promises Greener Buildings, Regional Growth

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 3 September 2010: 1138.
Last week, a consortium led by Pennsylvania State University won a federal competition for $129 million over 5 years to spur efforts to develop technologies for making buildings more energy efficient. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Newsmaker Interview: Frank Gannon
Ireland's Departing Research Chief on Irish and European Science

John Travis
Science 3 September 2010: 1139.
Frank Gannon probably could have finished out his career comfortably as director of the national funding agency Science Foundation Ireland (SFI). But the biologist will resign his position at the end of the year and head off to Australia to become director of the Queensland Institute of Medical Research. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceInsider
From the Science Policy Blog

Science 3 September 2010: 1139.
ScienceInsider reported this week that the editor of the journal Cognition says he believes that fabrication is the most plausible explanation for data in a 2002 paper by Harvard University's Marc Hauser involving cotton-top tamarins, among other stories. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Random Samples

Science 3 September 2010: 1131.
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News Focus

Mammoth-Killer Impact Flunks Out

Richard A. Kerr
Science 3 September 2010: 1140-1141.
After a new study failed to find nanodiamonds, impact experts are flatly rejecting outsiders' claims that an impact 12,900 years ago devastated the megafauna. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Profile: François Nosten
The Dour Frenchman on Malaria's Frontier

Martin Enserink
Science 3 September 2010: 1142-1143.
When he arrived at the dangerous Thai-Burmese border in 1984, François Nosten barely knew what research was. Today, he's one of the world's top malaria scientists. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Astrophysics
An Unsettled Debate About the Chemistry of the Sun

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 3 September 2010: 1144-1145.
Researchers thought they knew the sun very well. Now, they are squabbling over the abundance of different elements in it. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 Give Beach Ecosystems Their Day in the Sun

Jenifer E. Dugan, Omar Defeo, Eduardo Jaramillo, Alan R. Jones, Mariano Lastra, Ronel Nel, Charles H. Peterson, Felicita Scapini, Thomas Schlacher, and David S. Schoeman
Science 3 September 2010: 1146.
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 Methane from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf

Vasilii V. Petrenko, David M. Etheridge, Ray F. Weiss, Edward J. Brook, Hinrich Schaefer, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, Andrew M. Smith, Dave Lowe, Quan Hua, and Katja Riedel
Science 3 September 2010: 1146-1147.
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 Methane from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf—Response

Natalia Shakhova, Igor Semiletov, and Örjan Gustafsson
Science 3 September 2010: 1147-1148.
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 Readers' Poll Results
The Time of Young Scientists

Science 3 September 2010: 1147.
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 Candidate Gene Approach's Missing Link

Janardan P. Pandey
Science 3 September 2010: 1148.
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Books et al.

Social Psychology
Mood Swings

Richard Taylor
Science 3 September 2010: 1149.
Casti applies his background in complexity studies to explore the role of psychology in shaping the mass behavior of humans. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Astronomy
Findings Brought to Ground

Gustav Holmberg
Science 3 September 2010: 1150.
Through discussions of particular observatories around the globe, the contributors explore the practices, technologies, and contexts of 19th-century astronomy. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 3 September 2010: 1150.
A listing of books received at Science during the week ended 27 August 2010. Summary »|  

Education Forum

Science Education
Growing Roles for Science Education in Community Colleges

George R. Boggs
Science 3 September 2010: 1151-1152.
To help meet economic challenges, 2- and 4-year colleges must collaborate to improve student completion and transfer. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

Microbiology
Is the Tide Turning for New Malaria Medicines?

Timothy N. C. Wells
Science 3 September 2010: 1153-1154.
A return to traditional screening methods has rapidly produced a candidate malaria drug. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Immunology
CAR'ing for the Skin

Andrey S. Shaw and Yina Huang
Science 3 September 2010: 1154-1155.
Epidermal T cell responses to injury and infection require stimulation by a protein that maintains cell adhesion and normal dermal integrity. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Paleontology
Marine Biodiversity Dynamics over Deep Time

Charles R. Marshall
Science 3 September 2010: 1156-1157.
Analysis of a large fossil database puts a new curve on the history of marine life. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Chemistry
Just Add Water

Mikhail I. Katsnelson
Science 3 September 2010: 1157-1158.
A graphene overlayer is used to map the structure of water from ice to liquid, one atomic layer at a time. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Transcription
Targeting the Core of Transcription

D. Grahame Hardie
Science 3 September 2010: 1158-1159.
An enzyme that senses metabolic stress phosphorylates a chromatin protein to control gene expression and adaptive responses. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Astronomy
Fullerenes and Cosmic Carbon

Pascale Ehrenfreund and Bernard H. Foing
Science 3 September 2010: 1159-1160.
Hydrogen-poor conditions in a planetary nebula enable the detection of carbon-cage molecules C₆₀ and C₇₀, confirming the existence of fullerenes in space. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Review

Heavy Fermions and Quantum Phase Transitions

Qimiao Si and Frank Steglich
Science 3 September 2010: 1161-1166.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Brevia

Chlorine Isotope Fractionation in the Stratosphere

J. C. Laube, J. Kaiser, W. T. Sturges, H. Bönisch, and A. Engel
Science 3 September 2010: 1167.
Isotope fractionation in a common refrigerant may provide insights into the mechanism of stratospheric ozone depletion. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Articles

Effectiveness and Safety of Tenofovir Gel, an Antiretroviral Microbicide, for the Prevention of HIV Infection in Women

Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Janet A. Frohlich, Anneke C. Grobler, Cheryl Baxter, Leila E. Mansoor, Ayesha B. M. Kharsany, Sengeziwe Sibeko, Koleka P. Mlisana, Zaheen Omar, Tanuja N. Gengiah, Silvia Maarschalk, Natasha Arulappan, Mukelisiwe Mlotshwa, Lynn Morris, Douglas Taylor, and on behalf of the CAPRISA 004 Trial Group
Science 3 September 2010: 1168-1174.
Published online 19 July 2010 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1193748] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Tenofovir in a vaginal gel formulation shows significant protection against HIV infection in a randomized control trial. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Spiroindolones, a Potent Compound Class for the Treatment of Malaria

Matthias Rottmann, Case McNamara, Bryan K. S. Yeung, Marcus C. S. Lee, Bin Zou, Bruce Russell, Patrick Seitz, David M. Plouffe, Neekesh V. Dharia, Jocelyn Tan, Steven B. Cohen, Kathryn R. Spencer, Gonzalo E. González-Páez, Suresh B. Lakshminarayana, Anne Goh, Rossarin Suwanarusk, Timothy Jegla, Esther K. Schmitt, Hans-Peter Beck, Reto Brun, Francois Nosten, Laurent Renia, Veronique Dartois, Thomas H. Keller, David A. Fidock, Elizabeth A. Winzeler, and Thierry T. Diagana
Science 3 September 2010: 1175-1180.
High-throughput screening has offered up an oral antimalarial drug and pointers to its mechanism of action. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Detection of C₆₀ and C₇₀ in a Young Planetary Nebula

Jan Cami, Jeronimo Bernard-Salas, Els Peeters, and Sarah Elizabeth Malek
Science 3 September 2010: 1180-1182.
Published online 22 July 2010 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1192035] (in Science Express Reports)
Hydrogen-poor conditions allow fullerenes to form in space. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Real-Time Dynamics of Single Vortex Lines and Vortex Dipoles in a Bose-Einstein Condensate

D. V. Freilich, D. M. Bianchi, A. M. Kaufman, T. K. Langin, and D. S. Hall
Science 3 September 2010: 1182-1185.
The temporal evolution of vortices in a superfluid is revealed by imaging an ultracold atomic cloud undergoing free fall. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Plastic Accumulation in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre

Kara Lavender Law, Skye Morét-Ferguson, Nikolai A. Maximenko, Giora Proskurowski, Emily E. Peacock, Jan Hafner, and Christopher M. Reddy
Science 3 September 2010: 1185-1188.
Published online 19 August 2010 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1192321] (in Science Express Reports)
The amount of plastic debris in the surface waters of the western North Atlantic Ocean has plateaued over the past 22 years. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Graphene Visualizes the First Water Adlayers on Mica at Ambient Conditions

Ke Xu, Peigen Cao, and James R. Heath
Science 3 September 2010: 1188-1191.
Water trapped between mica and graphene layers at ambient conditions was imaged with atomic force microscopy. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Shifting Balance of Diversity Among Major Marine Animal Groups

J. Alroy
Science 3 September 2010: 1191-1194.
Future assemblies of animals following mass extinction cannot be predicted by analyses of Phanerozoic fossils. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Spread of Behavior in an Online Social Network Experiment

Damon Centola
Science 3 September 2010: 1194-1197.
An online experiment shows how network structure affects the spread of health behavior. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Human-Restricted Bacterial Pathogens Block Shedding of Epithelial Cells by Stimulating Integrin Activation

Petra Muenzner, Verena Bachmann, Wolfgang Zimmermann, Jochen Hentschel, and Christof R. Hauck
Science 3 September 2010: 1197-1201.
Bacterial colonization of the mucosa is facilitated if the microbes engage a human receptor that counteracts epithelial exfoliation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Signaling Kinase AMPK Activates Stress-Promoted Transcription via Histone H2B Phosphorylation

David Bungard, Benjamin J. Fuerth, Ping-Yao Zeng, Brandon Faubert, Nancy L. Maas, Benoit Viollet, David Carling, Craig B. Thompson, Russell G. Jones, and Shelley L. Berger
Science 3 September 2010: 1201-1205.
Published online 15 July 2010 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1191241] (in Science Express Reports)
The energy sensor AMPK facilitates gene transcription by localizing to chromatin and phosphorylating histone H2B. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Junctional Adhesion Molecule JAML Is a Costimulatory Receptor for Epithelial T Cell Activation

Deborah A. Witherden, Petra Verdino, Stephanie E. Rieder, Olivia Garijo, Robyn E. Mills, Luc Teyton, Wolfgang H. Fischer, Ian A. Wilson, and Wendy L. Havran
Science 3 September 2010: 1205-1210.
A costimulatory receptor for immune cells in the skin is identified. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Molecular Interaction of CAR and JAML Recruits the Central Cell Signal Transducer PI3K

Petra Verdino, Deborah A. Witherden, Wendy L. Havran, and Ian A. Wilson
Science 3 September 2010: 1210-1214.
Ligand engagement and initiation of signaling has been imaged for a costimulatory receptor for immune cells in the skin. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Glutamine Deamidation and Dysfunction of Ubiquitin/NEDD8 Induced by a Bacterial Effector Family

Jixin Cui, Qing Yao, Shan Li, Xiaojun Ding, Qiuhe Lu, Haibin Mao, Liping Liu, Ning Zheng, She Chen, and Feng Shao
Science 3 September 2010: 1215-1218.
Published online 5 August 2010 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1193844] (in Science Express Reports)
Pathogenic bacterial proteins interfere with eukaryotic ubiquitination pathways to induce cytopathic effects. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|